tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23716334694872604762024-03-21T10:53:41.309-07:00Free Movie downloads website free movies download,free hd movies direct download,new bollywood movies direct download,new hollywood movie hindi dubbed download,new bollywood movie download,new south movie download,south movie download,new south movie download in hindi dubbed, Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.comBlogger52125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-72461571636463870122021-06-25T22:24:00.001-07:002021-06-25T22:24:47.180-07:00Lara croft tomb raider 2001<p> </p><h2> Lara croft tomb raider 2001</h2><h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNPoDgJ74wUZ68Rz_GLpuFd119-SSbWt0ee2-BqKqS1tM1JiOnL5Sh9TpyWc47aa0e-L_4oyp8RFvjFb6iJhJH0u1COx63zFP6C1cKjOGsuLXL6qv-GGvaWcmslPgFdLl9SHoqsuU4LEM/s268/1138.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lara croft" border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNPoDgJ74wUZ68Rz_GLpuFd119-SSbWt0ee2-BqKqS1tM1JiOnL5Sh9TpyWc47aa0e-L_4oyp8RFvjFb6iJhJH0u1COx63zFP6C1cKjOGsuLXL6qv-GGvaWcmslPgFdLl9SHoqsuU4LEM/s16000/1138.jpg" title="Lara Croft Tomb Raider 2001 Movie download" /></a></div><br /></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c27ba0;">Movie name</span> : Lara croft tomb raider</h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c27ba0;">Quality</span> : full mp4 hd</h4><p dir="ltr"><b>Artist</b> :Angelina jolie,Jon Voight, lain glen,Noah Taylor, Daniel Craig, Richard Johnson <br /><b style="background-color: #c27ba0;">Audio Language</b> :Hindi, telugu, English <br /><b style="background-color: #c27ba0;">Genres</b> :Action, Adventure,Thriller <br /><b style="background-color: #c27ba0;">Length</b> :1hour 42 minutes,(347.32 mb)<br />Son :2001</p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: red; font-size: large;">Download Lara Croft: Tomb Raider 200</span><span style="background-color: red; font-size: x-large;">1 Movie</span></h3><p dir="ltr"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4bhBabn-wU&t=43s" target="_blank">Download full mp4</a> </b></p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><h3 style="background-color: #141414; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "open sans", verdana, arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span id="Official_Trailer" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red; font-size: 13pt;">Official Trailer</span></span></h3><div><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: #04ff00; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; font-size: 13pt;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "open sans", verdana, arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"><span id="Storyline" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: #04ff00; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; font-size: 13pt;"><u>Storyline :</u></span></span></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "open sans", verdana, arial; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 20px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px;"><b><u style="background-color: #04ff00;">The orphaned heiress and intrepid archaeologist, Lara Croft, embarks on a dangerous quest to retrieve the two halves of an ancient artifact that controls time before it falls into the wrong hands.</u></b></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "open sans", verdana, arial; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 20px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px;"><b><u style="background-color: #04ff00;">As an extremely rare planetary alignment is about to occur for the first time in 5,000 years, the fearless tomb raider will have to team up with rival adventurers and sworn enemies to collect the pieces, while time is running out. 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<p dir="ltr">Subsequent to making YouTube videos, the huge issue of makers is the manner by which to make a thumbnail. What sort of picture to use on a thumbnail and what sort of text to compose? Some of the time makers are left with ideas and they utilize an inappropriate pictures and hues which isn't directly for your recordings and sometimes falls short for your substance. You generally attempt to make thumbnails by taking a gander at your adversary's with the goal that an ever increasing number of watchers see, as, and buy in to them. Last alternative is YouTube thumbnail maker <br />
To defeat every one of these troubles, use YouTube thumbnail maker This site gives you highest level 8 #tags and video thumbnails by creating which you can download to your PC after audit. Afterward, as per your video, you can utilize these thumbnails to post your Video content</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="Youtube Thumbnail maker, Supports All Youtube Videos Including 4K, 1080p, HD, HQ, free youtube thumbnail maker,youtube thumbnail maker download," border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="400" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwU0WF0S0OxRJAe_KTLD3szyCc9U7WSeriArNUkyMMJeNw1WWkF_aK9oVDZFWNuiohb5fsn0ZW5bBMts179bGDyYi6cgFv4jYERtxl8_uPGyVis9WskhCyG3rTwnxq55XEjI_fs2GpTZM/w320-h203/Youtube-Thumbnail-maker-1.jpg" title="Youtube Thumbnail maker, Supports All Youtube Videos Including 4K, 1080p, HD, HQ, free youtube thumbnail maker,youtube thumbnail maker download," width="320" /></div><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">
2/ <b>YouTube fingernail Size for Video.</b></h3><p></p><p dir="ltr"><b><br /></b></p><p style="text-align: left;">
YouTube videos have a standard size and dimension of <span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: -webkit-center;">Youtube Thumbnail maker Supports All Youtube Videos Including 4K, 1080p, HD, HQ, etc.</span> If the scale of your fingernail image is larger or smaller than that, then it'll not be visible properly on YouTube. So, it's important to use a fingernail image of the proper size together with your videos.</p><p></p><p dir="ltr">
3/ <b>YouTube Video fingernail disagreeable person on-line.</b><br />
If you would like to transfer thumbnails in HD and 1080p quality, click on Link . sort the connected keywords within the search box from the subject on that you would like to make a video. By exploitation this video fingernail generator , you'll get loads of thumbnails concepts. With this, you may get the fingernail of your alternative that you'll use later by redaction together with your videos.<br />
4/ <b>YouTube fingernail Copyright</b><br />
Just as a copyright strike will come back on repetition a video, there's a strike on repetition a fingernail. By the way, commonly firms and youtubers do not send copyright claims on thumbnails, however if they need, YouTube will send you a notice. thus don't use any fingernail on a daily basis. And though you are doing, edit the fingernail a touch.</p><p dir="ltr"><br />
5/ <b>Create Visual Recognition </b></p><p dir="ltr"><b><br /></b>
Thumbnails are also vital to form a visible recognition, and it makes positive that your guests acknowledge your videos yet as identifies you amongst all alternative videos that seem on YouTube. you'll be able to individualize your YouTube channel with the assistance of thumbnails. Moreover, they'll conjointly provide your channel a special and distinctive identification for every topic you cowl in your video. By employing a single pattern for thumbnails of your each video helps you to form a more robust and engaging profile. moreover, you'll be able to create your videos outstanding to guests, that persuade users to share and watch your videos</p><p dir="ltr">.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtubethumbnailmakeronline.blogspot.com/?m=1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Youtube Thumbnail maker, Supports All Youtube Videos Including 4K, 1080p, HD, HQ, free youtube thumbnail maker,youtube thumbnail maker download," border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVd4XbNan-ucLmMnPkexHX84vWBJWrNAumBqgCoUDTlHpVTrJrZSyvZcu6oL8x47a1g9pwUEVPSA8W9lPq3lQY9k3YM2YGCekLGk_NSD8UPsHL01nbarHG9gwYbmlEAK7QN3i_X2Rnoxw/w320-h213/Youtube-Thumbnail-maker-2+.webp" title="Youtube Thumbnail maker, Supports All Youtube Videos Including 4K, 1080p, HD, HQ, free youtube thumbnail maker,youtube thumbnail maker download," width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">
6/ <b>Thumbnail Provides plan regarding the Video </b></h4><p></p><p dir="ltr"><b><br /></b>
By inserting a fingernail into your video, you inform the guests regarding the kind of data your video contains. guests gave importance to the fingernail to urge a plan regarding the video. you want to embrace the theme which is able to be shared in your video. It provides the traveller with a plan regarding the subject of the video. you want to detain mind that net guests most of the time are in an exceedingly hurry and can't pay an extended time to choose that video they have to watch. If you place confidence in the outline of your video and suppose that guests can watch simply by reading the description, then from currently onward you want to concentrate on adding a fingernail to your videos this youtube tool can assist you alot. So, during this approach, fingernail works utterly as how to supply all the essential details to each user in no time.</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">
7/ <b>YouTube Video fingernail disagreeable person on-line.</b> </h3><p></p><p dir="ltr"><br />
Visitors who wish to look at videos on YouTube or the other platform, like better to watch videos by reading the title, gazing the fingernail and a few of them additionally browse the outline. little question hunting the outline and title of your video can create the users fascinated by your video, however the fingernail is that the factor they notice initial. If you produce a gorgeous fingernail with the assistance of any thumbnail maker , then it'll inevitably grab the eye, because the initial impression helps the guests to induce to grasp whether or not your video is giving the answer to their issues or not and is that the video value observance. once it involves social media, people, provide additional attention to look as compared to the outline.<br />
8/ <b>Why Are Thumbnails Important?</b></p>
<p dir="ltr"> People who suppose that thumbnails are nothing, however simply a straightforward outlook to the video has got to modification their perception, because it is very essential for traveler engagement. Thumbnails confirm either the traveler goes to observe the video or not. If you're cognizant of thumbnails, you may be able to attract additional views. Here are some advantages that a fingernail may offer you. that the youtube fingernail search is crucial a part of content creation.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtubethumbnailmakeronline.blogspot.com/?m=1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Youtube Thumbnail maker, Supports All Youtube Videos Including 4K, 1080p, HD, HQ, free youtube thumbnail maker,youtube thumbnail maker download," border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHrzOUmjB0h56_POot8cpCayljnNGqickO8nAuubDCeQABM-gqtxRD6VgAcLjckwl332IUte9hlMX9VbkrtjX4R7hXAy-66L_xaAbNteR5fYvtQNlJp-U8gfC6UCMj6-cLN1GrusBQ-NI/w320-h240/Youtube-Thumbnail-maker-3.webp" title="Youtube Thumbnail maker, Supports All Youtube Videos Including 4K, 1080p, HD, HQ, free youtube thumbnail maker,youtube thumbnail maker download," width="320" /></a></div><br /><p dir="ltr"><br />
9/ <b>Why Are Thumbnails vital For Videos?</b></p>
<p dir="ltr"> If you're an individual who keeps involved with each new net trend, you need to be knowing that video contents are becoming additional quality day when day and are becoming the well-liked format of net users. Hence, to become outstanding, it's necessary for you to take a position your efforts in making quality videos. the error that the majority of the folks create is that they invest in creating amazing videos however forget that it's additionally essential to consider the resolution to draw in guests and persuade them to click on the video. There are several techniques which might assist you to avoid creating this error, appreciate making appealing description, YouTube tags ,Title, furthermore because the fingernail. during this article, we are going to principally consider the importance of the later. Thumbnails are alittle version of an image that makes it straightforward for guests to spot the central theme of a selected video. the most aim of the fingernail is to grab the attentiveness of tourists and to steer visitors to observe your video.<br />
10/ <b>Find youtube fingernail.</b><br />
How to realize youtube thumbnail? the solution is incredibly simple. There are 2 ways that to seek out fingernail for youtube video. 1-Find fingernail by keyword or search by title of video. during this case click link. 2-Find fingernail by uniform resource locator of Video. whereas during this case click link to succeed in youtube fingernail extractor At this fashion finding youtube thumbnail is incredibly simple and short.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtubethumbnailmakeronline.blogspot.com/?m=1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Youtube Thumbnail maker, Supports All Youtube Videos Including 4K, 1080p, HD, HQ, free youtube thumbnail maker,youtube thumbnail maker download," border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw4vE4PXx2EqRldV8D71-AYMoSkePesFRF_ZuTzxGTwR9krwh2h7MNs51E_D_ARlPNZcEpxm1OlSSr2XGFZZkuxxBlpt-uOxXMdUWCMb7gzg_5p68Ax8nk-40xBh2kbgrKb0C_9WNEDVk/w320-h213/Youtube-Thumbnail-maker-5+.webp" title="Youtube Thumbnail maker, Supports All Youtube Videos Including 4K, 1080p, HD, HQ, free youtube thumbnail maker,youtube thumbnail maker download," width="320" /></a></div><br /><br />
11/ <b>Tips to create a <a href="https://youtubethumbnailmakeronline.blogspot.com/?m=1" target="_blank">beautiful Thumbnail</a></b><p></p>
<p dir="ltr"> At this moment, you've got an {ideal} idea concerning the importance of the thumbnails that they attract additional guests. Here are some tricks you'll be able to confine mind to form a classic icon for your video. Use short texts.Create attention-getting footage.Use image’s that are involving the subject or extract youtube fingernail from better part of video.Respect the sizes and formats of social platforms.Have a glance at your competitors.Do not amendment fingernail model daily. individuals grasp by fingernail graphic.Keep some suspense punctuation in fingernail. don't reveal whole story in fingernail.Use arrow and circle image on fingernail to draw in attention.</p>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-40014432297244986842020-08-22T07:48:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:55:32.844-07:00New Revolutionary Software Drives / FREE Traffic that Converts into Sales Straight From Google & Bing<p> </p><h2><b><a href="https://www.digistore24.com/redir/328125/Abhijitnaskar434/" target="_blank">New Revolutionary Software Drives</a></b></h2><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgSx51CrdUdamBZ__6goZGYaNcGiH6yr0xKTMUiv0RjBuz69uL-yolWehEsWGIr5v4u9XenChUeMZQ71B8SpSsQEUROJT-k8UFEu70XE4J1m2XIalmoQLP5nKCxR2lrXVJO0ZMLY3Wlcc/s680/do-seo-backlink-building.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="New Revolutionary Software Drives / FREE Traffic that Converts into Sales Straight From Google & Bing" border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="680" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgSx51CrdUdamBZ__6goZGYaNcGiH6yr0xKTMUiv0RjBuz69uL-yolWehEsWGIr5v4u9XenChUeMZQ71B8SpSsQEUROJT-k8UFEu70XE4J1m2XIalmoQLP5nKCxR2lrXVJO0ZMLY3Wlcc/w320-h154/do-seo-backlink-building.jpg" title="New Revolutionary Software Drives / FREE Traffic that Converts into Sales Straight From Google & Bing" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="https://www.digistore24.com/redir/328125/Abhijitnaskar434/" target="_blank">New Revolutionary Software Drives </a>/</b><i><b> </b></i><b>FREE Traffic that Converts into Sales Straight From Google & Bing</b></h2>
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Italy is off icially known as‘Repubblica Italiana’and almost four-fifths of it is covered with hills and mountains. The country comprises of more masterpieces per square mile than any other country across the globe. It is also home to one of the ancient universities situated in Rome whichwas founded in 1303 A.D. and is usually referred toas ‘La Sapienza’, there are around 150,000 studentsin the university. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>ancient history of italy</b> is oneof the histories that still have remembr ancesfrom its way past. Besides wars and battlesthere also has been time of peace and growth amongthe people of Italy. Some of the world's mostrenowned and famous artists whose works are world famous belong to Italy. This is the place where art andliterature is appreciated and it is here that you will find the preservedtreasures from the renaissance period. Every piece of art has a story to say and the intriguing beauty never fails to capturethe heart of the beholder. Italy is now ranked among the leadingcountries in world exports and trade. It has a huge agriculturalsector and it also happens to be the world’slargest wine producer.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> The country has a thriving population with a dense history as for its past. Geographical Layout The Italian or the Apennine Peninsula isone of the three peninsulas of Southern Europe (the other two being the IberianPeninsula and Balkan Peninsula), covering 1,000 km from thePo Valley in the north to the central MediterraneanSea in the south. The peninsula is bounded bythe Adriatic Sea on the east, Tyrrhenian Sea on the west andthe Ionian Sea on the south. The internal part ofthe Apennine Peninsula comprises of the Apennine Mountains, from which it gets its name, the northern part is mostly plains and the coastsare lined with cliffs. Italy is one of the mostimportant countries that lies in thesouthern central Europe. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">It inhabits peninsula juttingdeep into the Mediterranean Sea. Italy’s holds within itself some of theglobes most diverse and picturesque magnificence and is often definedas a country shaped like a boot. You also get to see the world’s mostrocky mountains here; the Alps. The highest peaks are the alongMont Blanc and Monte Rosa. Both of these mountains are in the mosthappening cities - France and Switzerland. Towards the south is Tuscanywhich is Italy’s best region. Overseeing the Alpine lakesand the valleys of glacier expanding to Piedmont and PoRiver are the western Alps. The Apennine Range exudes fromthe central Alps and broadens near Rome covering almost the whole of Italian peninsula. The Apennines taper down towards the south of Rome and is fringed by two wide coastal plains, one faces the Adriatic Seaand the other faces the Tyrrhenian Sea. Most of the lower Apennine chain isalmost wasteland and is home to some of the rare animal species like the roedeer, red deer, Marsican wild boar. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZZny24vEiHbTl0y7SjknhUROEAfcooibfs9q5Mfwqww-LlsL5zRdiePKZokpzOGMbLJUJTr6HrmgPp-rlJKEnvZy13eaLuhWLX1ZnRA3oGIqYlSLf0K6B0khnP-qGH6RhFDzcvfdXTTg/s400/ancient-history-of-italy-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="400" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZZny24vEiHbTl0y7SjknhUROEAfcooibfs9q5Mfwqww-LlsL5zRdiePKZokpzOGMbLJUJTr6HrmgPp-rlJKEnvZy13eaLuhWLX1ZnRA3oGIqYlSLf0K6B0khnP-qGH6RhFDzcvfdXTTg/w320-h212/ancient-history-of-italy-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">ancient history of italy</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some of the rare plant, in the Mediterranean Sea. Prehistory Monte Poggiolo is the where the firsthominins settled 850,000 years back. By the Bronze Age fourwaves of migration occurred in the territoriesof Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Lombardy, Liguria, South Tyrol,Capua, Campania, Salerno and Sala Consilina. By the 8th century BC Italy wasin the proto-historical period and Phoenician script wasintroduced among the inhabitants. Etruscan Civilization The origin of the Etruscansis not known exactly. However, their civilization flourishedafter 800 BC in central Italy. The only connection that canbe found is that they are an indigenous tribe and comefrom Villanovan culture. A recent study concludedthat the Etruscans could be a result of aninvasion from Near East. The Etruscans are the nearest to aNeolithic population from Central Europe. They concentrated on expanding the ircivilization in the Apennines. They has a strong politicalstructure, although similar but much more refinedthan the Magna Greece. There was a non Indo-European languagethat was used as mode of communication. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">They followed monogamy. Mining of iron and copper and theirtrade led to the growth and prosperity of the Etruscans who expanded theirhold not only in the Italian peninsula but also towards the westernparts of Mediterranean Sea. Around the 6th century BC thePhoceans who were a Greek tribe settled along the coast of Catalonia, <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/History-of-France-French.html" target="_blank">France</a></b> and Corsica. The interests of the Etruscansconflicted with those of the Greeks. The Carthaginians also did not favour the <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/ancient-greek-state-politics-and14.html" target="_blank">Greeks</a></b> and made allies with the Etruscans. Battle of Alalia was fought by Carthaginians and Etruscans who fought as allies againstthe Greeks in 540 BC. Although it was an indecisive battle Etruriarelegated and moved towards the Tyrrhenian Sea and ruled on Corsica whereas Carthaginiansexpanded over the Greek territories.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> After the 5th centuryEtruria began to decline when they lost theirterritories in the south. Carthage did not survive long andwas defeated by Magna Graecia in 480 BC, Etruscans lost their allywhich left them with lesser power. Battle of Cumae in 474 BC weakenedthe Etruria even more, as they lost Campania and Latiumto the Samnites and Romans. Gallic invasions snatched away their rulefrom the Adriatic coast on Po Valley. The Etruscans were soon takenover by Romans who then amalgamated of what was left ofEtruria in the <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/Norman-Sack-of-Rome.html" target="_blank">Roman</a> </b>Empire. Magna Graecia The Greeks started settling inthe southern parts of Italy, eastern Libya, eastern coatof Black Sea and Marseille. The extended settlements were a resultof over-population and even famine. The area of Sicily andthe foot of Italy were referred to as MagnaGraecia by the Romans. Magna Graecia in Latin meant Great Greece. The name was given so because of thedense population of Greeks in the area. When this colonization happened there wasmuch changes that took place in the Greek culture especially in the dialects,traditions and religion of <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/History-of-Germany%20.html" target="_blank">the Ancient Greek</a>. The interaction of Italianand Latin civilizations led to the birth of originalHellenic civilization.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> The most significant culturaltransfer was the Cumaean variation of Greek alphabet thatwas adopted by the Etruscans. The old alphabet of the Italians slowlyadvanced to modern Latin alphabet which is now being used as the mostcommon alphabet across the globe. Several cities of Hellenicsuch as Acragas, Neapolis, Sybaris and Syracuse weremighty and influential. Cities like Ancona, Tarentum, Bari,Rhegium, Elea, Croton, Syessa, Epizephyrian Locri and a fewothers made up the Magna Graecia. Magna Graecia fellterribly after 282 BC when the Romans startedexpanding their empire. They were also susceptible toattacks from the barbarians. Roman Kingdom The accounts for the RomanKingdom have come down from Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Livy and Plutarch mainly. They mention about Rome being ruledin succession by seven kings. According to the chronology that has beencodified by Varro, a total of 243 years have been marked as their rule which meansan average of 35 years for each king. The Gauls not only destroyed thelands and took lives in the Battle of Allia in 390 BC butalso burnt the written records which could have beenimportant proof about the kings who ruled the landsduring those times. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">What remained of the records wereeither stolen or destroyed with time. The myths say that Rome was foundedby Romulus and Remus who were twin brothers and grandsons of theLatin king Numitor of Alba Longa. Roman Republic The Roman Republic wasestablished roughly around 509 BC when the ruleof seven kings ended. By the 4th century Romanstook over the Italian peninsula including theEtruria and the Greeks. The overpowering Romans had toface Carthage in the 3rd century. Although the Carthaginianswere powerful they were unable to subdue theRomans and after the three Punic Wars Rome took overSicily, North Africa and Hispania ultimatelydestroying Carthage. In the 2nd century BC theydefeated the Empires of Seleucid and Macedonia and ruled overthe entire Mediterranean. The conquests led to a fusionamongst the Greek and the Romans. The Romans who were rural nowbecame stylish and lavish. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlYWXTdlhtHLwt_RnvLSmeD2ILgYzt4zaN_c4WMH6A3D27peXKE_ImsDAYfVMgGkjmdIRuSjag32n7mhM0uEQ4coM-tqIIHFeeTaCNqrqS4WYtR__jw5akvXnldcOHMRLs3xeeYazFYhs/s400/ancient-history-of-italy-2+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," border="0" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="400" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlYWXTdlhtHLwt_RnvLSmeD2ILgYzt4zaN_c4WMH6A3D27peXKE_ImsDAYfVMgGkjmdIRuSjag32n7mhM0uEQ4coM-tqIIHFeeTaCNqrqS4WYtR__jw5akvXnldcOHMRLs3xeeYazFYhs/w320-h201/ancient-history-of-italy-2+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">ancient history of italy</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Romans had one big Empire and no enemies. The Roman Republic went through a phase ofsocial turbulence and political emergency. It was Julius Caesar whobrought two more men together to bring backstability in the Empire. Together with Pompeyand Marcus Licinius Crassus, Caesar formedthe first Triumvirate. After the death of Crassusin 53 BC the Triumvirate broke and Pompey andCaesar fought for power. Caesar took over Rome in49 BC but his rule didn’t last long and was assassinatedin the year 44 BC. Once again Rome waswithout a proper leader. Mark Antony took over theleadership of Rome but his affair with Egyptian queen Cleopatra VIIcaused a political upheavel. Caesar’s adopted son Octavianattacked Antony and crushed the Egyptian armies, both Cleopatraand Antony committed suicide. Octavian was now the onlyruler of the Republic. Roman Empire Octavian was the firstemperor of Rome in 27 BC. He was now called Augustus. It was under him thatRome prospered and was at its peak in terms ofmagnificence and glory. Although there was a republican, Augustushad complete control of the Empire.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Roman literature grew fast andpoets like Ovid, Vergil, Rufus, Maecenas and Horace made it possiblefor Latin Literature to flourish. This period is referred to as the Golden Age of Latin Literature. Epics such as ‘Aeneid’and other grand worksof the poets became the gems of the period. Romans witnessed a 200 yearpeaceful and flourishing reign which is referredto as ‘Pax Romana’. Although Rome was a strong Empire theycontinued to extend their boundaries and some of their noted conquestscomprise of – conquest of Britain, conquest of Dacia, conquestof Parthian Empire and also the conquestof Germanic tribes. The death of Emperor Theodosius I in 395marked the end of the mighty Romans as after this Rome was divided intoEastern and Western Roman Empire. For some time Odoacer managedto keep the Western Empire united under his rule for sometime but it was conquered soon. The Western part was pesteredwith Barbaric invasions and was taken over by severalsmall barbarian kingdoms. Middle Ages Italy was distraught and shatteredafter it was conquered by Ostrogoths. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Gothic War led to diseasesand famine in the country. This also led to the Lombardstaking over the Italian peninsula. In 751 the Lombards captured Ravenna,overthrowing the Byzantine Empire. The Papacy in Rome was now face toface with a new power – the Lombards. They looked forth to the Franksto help them fight the Lombards. The Franks defeated theLombards and the Papacy has the reigns of central Italy intheir hands once again. They established Papal States. The Pope crowned Charlemagne the HolyRoman Emperor in Saint Peter’s Basilica. The successors of Charlemagne were weakand could not uphold the Empire together. Islam rose during thesetimes in North Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Middle East and the southern parts wereunder constant attacks from Abbasid Caliphateand Umayyad Caliphate. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The north was under thepressure of communes. Sicily was under the Islamicrule from 965 to 1061. As the millennium cam end so did the dark times for the Italian peninsula. The cities gained back the irstrength and popularity slowly and the Papacy wasonce again in control. Papacy always facedsome or the other rebellions or conflictsthroughout their rule. These problems were never ending andcarried on till the Medieval Ages. In 1176, the Lombard League ofcommunes finally defeated Frederick Barbarossa in the Battle of Legnanoand established an autonomous rule. The southern part of the peninsulahad a completely different history. The Normans bought and endto 600 year old history of Lombard and Byzantine possession of lands.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> It was the Normans who ended the Islamic rule in Sicily. The Norman Kingdom of Sicilywas now ruled by Roger II. Roger II bought together all the smallercities under one powerful rule. He united the southern peninsulainto a large and strong kingdom. A Byzantine Emperor Manuel Komnenons tried to conquer back the lost landsbut was unsuccessful. The Byzantines left Italy in the year 1158. The Norman Kingdom stoodstrong till 1194 before it was taken by the Staufen dynastywhich was a German tribe. Sicily was under the influence of severalsuch dynasties till the 19th century. Italy had a very different form ofadministration that ruled it for centuries. Both church and Imperial peoplehad powers but both had different tracks and none of themintersected each other’s path. The cities and states prosperedand gained fame and wealth through trade which led todevelopment of art and culture. This automatically set in theenvironment for Renaissance. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqtGKCgiN3LpvlEqLZOxxQdQqpcHyX7iwbZkKG_ENqb8WjVK3tOZgPo5twXSn-Pl-1gEw4A9nN7Klns86jt21ZpP_yV8qk2RfnBlp3cxonPkzXuubRtWXE7uF9sDRwutihncypk72fNw/s400/Roman-Empire-2+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqtGKCgiN3LpvlEqLZOxxQdQqpcHyX7iwbZkKG_ENqb8WjVK3tOZgPo5twXSn-Pl-1gEw4A9nN7Klns86jt21ZpP_yV8qk2RfnBlp3cxonPkzXuubRtWXE7uF9sDRwutihncypk72fNw/w320-h240/Roman-Empire-2+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">ancient history of italy</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Feudalism did not exist anymoreand the society was mostly based on trade and commerce with merchantswho took care of these areas. Republic of Venice was especiallyknown to be thriving with merchants. The Italian cities had an encouragingplace between the East and West which is why it became the hub forbanks, international trading etc. Venice, Florence and Milan werethe leading cities and played an important role in thefinancial uplifting of Italy. There also emerged new types of economicand social organizations in the societies. Maritime was booming and Genoa,Venice, Amalfi and Pisa were among the leading cities whereproduction of ships happened. The ships were extensively built fortrading and the protection of the cities. Genoa and Venice has become Europe’sgateway for trade with the East. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">It also controlled trade with Islamiccountries and Byzantine Empire. Florence established itself as anexceedingly systematized financial and commercial city and was Europe’s capitalof banking, wool, jewellery and silk. Renaissance All of Europe was influencedby the thriving art, science, politics, literatureand history of Italy. It was the most significantcenter for Renaissance. In the later part of Middle Agesthe southern and central Italy, those were once throbbing citiesof Magna Graecia and Roman Empire had now degraded and were quite lowcompared to the northern peninsula. Rome was ruined and Papacy hasno control on law and order. The Papacy moved to Avignon in France. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sardinia, Sicily and Naples wereunder foreign control for some time. The cities of Italy extendedtheir boundaries vastly and now completely controlledthe Holy Roman Empire. The Black Death plaguedthe cities of Italy in 1348 and killed aboutone-third of the population. The phase when the cities recovered from thelosses is when Renaissance and Humanism occurred and Italy took back its positionas a leader in the Western civilization. It was rebirth of notonly urbanization and the economy but also ofthe art and culture. The Italian Renaissance began first inTuscany that was in the city of Florence. Spreading south, the Romansalso were impressed by this and Rome was then rebuilt by thePopes of the Renaissance period.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> 15th century was whenRenaissance was at its peak and it was then that it wasplagued by foreign invasions. Renaissance began in Florenceand moved to Lucca and Siena. Tuscan painting and architecturebecame model for all the cities in the central andnorthern parts of Italy. Science, Philosophy and Literature The beginning of Renaissanceis seen by Petrarch who is known for the best sonnetsequence of Canzoniere. Another famous person is theauthor of Decameron, Boccaccio. Other poets who were famouspoets and authors were Ludovico Ariosto, Matteo MariaBoiardo and Luigi Pulci. The scholars of the periodstudied the works of classical writers like Cicero, Vitruvius,Aristotle and Plato. Works of Hellenistic, Muslim andGreek writers were added to the library so the Europeanscholars had material to study. Poliziano and Marsilio Ficino made severaltranslations from Greek and Latin works. Barlamm of Seminara and LeonzioPilato were scholar monks. Barlaam had taught Greekto Petrach and Boccaccio. Leonzio was a master translator andtranslated Homer’s work to the word. Baldassare Castiglione in hiswork ‘Book of the Courtier’ wrote down about his vision ofa perfect lady and gentleman. Niccolo Machiavelli is known forlaying down the foundation of modern political philosophythrough is works in ‘The Prince’. The book was highlyconflicting in nature as it did not match the Catholicdoctrines of the time.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Painting, Architecture and Sculpture Some of the renownedpainters of the Renaissance period were Masaccio,Domenico Ghirlandaio, Giotto di Bondone, Michelangelo, Titian,Botticelli, Piero della Francescaand Leonardo da Vinci. Novelty, grandeur and magnificenceare present in every work of architecture that belongsto the Renaissance period. St. Peter’s Basilicaand Tempio Malatestiano,Florence Cathedral are some of the works that live on to tell the taleof the brilliant works of architects such as Andrea Palladio, Brunelleschi,Bramante and Leone Alberti. Aldo Manuzio foundedthe Aldine Press that was famous for printingin the Italic style. The books printed here werepocket-sized and cheap. Unremitting Warfare Most powerful cities of Italy were allsituated in the central and northern parts and among the strongest were Genoa</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqtGKCgiN3LpvlEqLZOxxQdQqpcHyX7iwbZkKG_ENqb8WjVK3tOZgPo5twXSn-Pl-1gEw4A9nN7Klns86jt21ZpP_yV8qk2RfnBlp3cxonPkzXuubRtWXE7uF9sDRwutihncypk72fNw/s400/Roman-Empire-2+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqtGKCgiN3LpvlEqLZOxxQdQqpcHyX7iwbZkKG_ENqb8WjVK3tOZgPo5twXSn-Pl-1gEw4A9nN7Klns86jt21ZpP_yV8qk2RfnBlp3cxonPkzXuubRtWXE7uF9sDRwutihncypk72fNw/w320-h240/Roman-Empire-2+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">ancient history of italy</b></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>Milan, Venice, Florence, Siena, Verona,Pisa and Ferrara. Further up in the north of Italywas the continuous battle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire for sovereignty. There were two groups into which everycity had sided – Ghibellines and Guelfs. Wars among the states or citieswere common but incursions from outside Italy were limited to sporadicraids of Holy Roman Emperors. Politics of Renaissancedeveloped from this backdrop. From the 13th century the armies of thecities mainly constituted of legionnaires. The cities were rich andcould afford forces. By the 15th century all the powerfulcities amalgamated the smaller areas. Verona and Padua were taken by Venice,Pavia and Parma along with several smaller places was taken by Duchy of Milan andPisa was taken over by Florence in 1406. Wars were a constantaffair and the armies that fought for the lands wereknown as condottieri. The condottieri were soldiersfrom Switzerland and Germany and they were ledby Italian captains. The condottieri did not want to risktheir lives unnecessarily and the wars turned to cordons and manipulationsand the battles became less. The condottieri playedsmart and continued the conflicts as this was theirmeans of employment now. If not paid on time the mercenarieswould turn on against their employers.</div><div> There were many occasions when themercenaries thought of overtaking the state because it was they on whothe citizens were dependant on. Genoa, Venice and Pisawere at war at seas too. Several years of conflict finallydeclared Genoa as winner over Pisa. Venice was more powerful thanGenoa as by the 15thcentury the Genoese started to declineand Venice ruled the seas. Milan, Florence and Venice dominatedthe lands and the Peace of Lodi written in 1454 finally bought astop to the never ending wars. For the next forty years therewas peace in the peninsula and Venice’s hold on the seas alsosaw peace till the 15th century. Italian Wars Italian Wars began in 1494 whenFrance invaded northern Italy and there were several statesthat lost their independence. The main reason for the warswas dispute among dynasties between Kingdom of Naplesand Duchy of Milan. This dispute slowly increasedand gave fire to fiercer battles which includedmore states and alliances.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3SFwtGA-WrXRmA_1ZiMGDl7KOUimBYPQeWbtPK6EcfiAnShmTQM9_33ig7JTjvl-NGLbV4PnWFywcldHUfNmc2aFcMZXNUH82AvOQ1xGwQzrw_6AHGanmiEVnE1JmL5L5ODqCCAJgiw/s400/ancient-history-of-italy-5+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL3SFwtGA-WrXRmA_1ZiMGDl7KOUimBYPQeWbtPK6EcfiAnShmTQM9_33ig7JTjvl-NGLbV4PnWFywcldHUfNmc2aFcMZXNUH82AvOQ1xGwQzrw_6AHGanmiEVnE1JmL5L5ODqCCAJgiw/w320-h213/ancient-history-of-italy-5+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">ancient history of italy</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div> Charles V led the French armies atBattle of Pavia in 1529 and War of the League of Cognac that lastedfor four years – 1526 to 1530. Years of wars and battlescould not decide a winner and ultimately with the Peaceof Cateau-Cambrésisthe French relinquished itsclaims and instated a long Spanish dominationover the peninsula. The Turks attacked the vicinity on Venicein 1499 and destroyed the neighbourhoods. It was attacked again in 1509by the League of Cambrai. The German and Spanishtroops sacked Rome on May 6, 1527 and destroyed the cityexcept for the Papacy. Abbruzzi and Apulia were sacked in 1528. 1529 and 1530 saw the siegeof Florence which brought about destruction to theneighbouring environs. Italy’s trade was ruined and most ofthe citizen’s wealth was confiscated. The population became half. Wool and silk industries that wereonce booming were devastated. Ransom that was paid to the invaders andtaxes charged bared Italy completely. The recovery would beexcruciating and long. Early Modern History The period of 17th centurywas an unbridled time that was marked by politicalupheaval and social unrest. This was because of theSpanish effect on the Italian peninsula, thepower of Papacy, the reaction of Catholicsagainst the Protestant reformation and CounterReformation of Catholics.</div><div> Although there were severalaccomplishments in the fields of arts andsciences which included the Baroque style of painting and discoveriesmade by Galileo in the field of astronomy there was an inclusive declinein the economy of Italy. Italy undoubtedly had someof the best explorers who led to severalimportant discoveries. Amerigo Vespucci, ChristopherColumbus and Giovanni da Verrazzano are the famous namesin the list of discoverers. Despite their fame Venice and other Italianports were no longer considered as important as the main hubs were nowmoved towards the West in the Atlantic. 30 years of war in which the Spanish wereinvolved between 1618 to 1648, financed their armies by levying heavy taxeson the Italians and drained them dry. Their commerce and agriculturesuffered tremendously. 1630, the Black Death returnedand emaciated Milan and Venice. About 25% of the population waslost to the horrific plague. Another plague in 1656claimed the lives of about 43% of the population inthe Kingdom of Naples. The French Army of Italy led by Napoleoninvaded Italy in 1796 and between 1797 and 1799 Napoleon had conquered almost all ofItaly and called it French Revolution. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30sG7DKf28D2cPEmW-PeBKrPzKO854Q76t-NfOkSrg50qYasyTB63xUwsA2DLF0LohIjZGDS0oXDZPE-oNS6k2EoRjv6Udmmhq9OG5eM0wsnAnePNv7KyKNDlpdXSbxYNDvT46whGmwo/s300/napoleon-bonaparte-8.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="255" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30sG7DKf28D2cPEmW-PeBKrPzKO854Q76t-NfOkSrg50qYasyTB63xUwsA2DLF0LohIjZGDS0oXDZPE-oNS6k2EoRjv6Udmmhq9OG5eM0wsnAnePNv7KyKNDlpdXSbxYNDvT46whGmwo/w272-h320/napoleon-bonaparte-8.jpg" title="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," width="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/search/label/Napoleon%20Bonaparte?&max-results=7" target="_blank">Napoleon bonaparte </a> </td></tr></tbody></table>He was based in Milan andset up new rules laws. The Roman Republic was formed andthe Pope was sennce. He formed the Kingdom of Italy in1805 and declared himself King. Netherlands was madeBatavian Republic by the French and Switzerland wasnow Helvetic Republic. All of them had to pay subsidies to Parisand also give military support to Napoleon. Administration and politics werebettered, Jewish ghettos were abolished, trade barriers were brought downand metric system was introduced. Piedmont and Belgium werenow main parts of France. Napoleon later took Dalmatia andVeneto and added to his Kingdom. Ligurian Republic was alsoforced to merge with France. Slowly Kingdom of Naples,Marche and Tuscany were also made a partof Kingdom of Italy. The Europeans allied themselves anddefeated Napoleon on April 6, 1814. He was sent on an exile to Elba. This resulted in the Congress of Vienna. Napoleon escaped and came back toFrance where Joachim Murat was in rule. He asked the Murat to convincethe Italians to fight for him but the Italians were not persuadedto fight along his side. People rebelled againstMurat and killed him. The Kingdom of Italy felland many kings who were ruling before Napoleon cameback to their thrones.</div><div> States were now independent and now Italywas under a period of restoration. Unification of Italy - 1814 to 1861 The social and politicalprocess that unified the Italian peninsula isknown as Risorgimento. Although there is nospecific date that can be said about this unificationbut scholars say that it began with the Congressof Vienna in 1815 and ended with theFranco-Prussian War in 1871. There were many disputes among theleaders on when it came to unification. The unification started happeningonly after the revolutions of 1848. Italian nationalistGiuseppe Garibaldi took the lead in the Italian drivefor a united Italy. Italy made allies with France and Britainwhich also helped in the unification. The southern parts of Italywere considered to be backwards while the northern parts ofItaly were much modernised. The people of South were not asked togive their views in important matters.</div><div> The misunderstanding and gap led to civilwars which lasted for ten long years. By the time these revolts endedmillions moved to South America, United States and more industrial citiessuch as Turin, Genoa and Milan. Liberal Italy - 1861 to 1922 King Victor Emmanuel II united mostof the states of the peninsula. The main builders of unified Italywere the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel, Camillo Benso, GiuseppeGaribaldi and Count of Cavour. The Prussian Prime Minister offeredVictor Emmanuel II to annex Venice that was controlled by Austria inexchange for Kingdom of Prussia. He agreed to the alliance and it led tothe Third Italian War of Independence. Austria lost and Venice wasadded to Italy once again. The only thing that came in theway of unification was Rome. </div><div>In 1870, Italy took over the PapalState, ultimately unifying Italy. The capital of Italy wasmoved from Florence to Rome. 19th century saw industrialisation at itsboom and modernisation was speeding. Agostino Depretis took overItaly as the Prime Minister and implemented a new political ideawhich he called “Transformismo”. Transformismo was all about acabinet that was to pick several reasonable and proficient politiciansfrom a non-partisan outlook. But this was not so,Depretis pressurised the districts to vote for thosewho would favour him. He banned public meetingsand all those who posed a threat were exiled andsent to remote islands. Some of the things of that can be countedas the positive side of him were that the elementary education was made free,arrest for incurring debt was stopped, and compulsory religiousteachings were also stopped.</div><div> He was forced to resign in 1877however, he was back in 1881. He was once again thrown out in 1887 whenthe country faced continuous decline. World War I and Italy Initially Italy chose to remainquiet on taking sides but later on the London Pact made it declarewar in Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy was promised hugeterritories in exchange. Although the army was huge but it waspoorly supplied and even more poorly led. The effectiveness of the war waspitiable and continued for three years. In 1916, Italy declared waron Germany and the Austrians who already had highergrounds got more privilege. Thousands of Italian soldierswere killed and more injured. The government had to bring back Italyto a higher level so it increased the labour wages and introduced collectivebargaining and insurance schemes.</div><div> The industries began to expandalthough the industrial wages matched the risinginflation, the farmers suffered. The residents in the ruralareas were not happy. The Treaty of St. Germain announcedItaly as victorious and awarded it. The Pact of London didnot give Italy it’s said territories so the triumph wasthought to be ‘mutilated’. Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini was thefounder of Fascist Party. He has participated in the World War I andwas working with Socialist newspapers. He later broke off and established Fascidi Combattimento on March 23, 1919. Period of 1919 and 1920 was seenas a period of time of strikes, political instability,unemployment and economic crisis. The strikes were not only amongthe industries and factories but also among the peasants and farmersin the rural parts of Italy. The National Fascist Partymanaged to suppress all these rebellions and tried to bringpeace and order in the country. In the October of 1922 Mussolini put forthhis demands when there was a strike. </div><div>He told the governmentto give the power to the Fascist party or Italywould have to face a coup. A group of 30,000 Fascistsmarched from Italy to Rome and said they wouldrestore order in Italy. They asked the then ruling Prime MinisterLuigi Facta to be replaced by Mussolini. Even though King Victor EmmanuelII had a much powerful army than the Fascists the political systemwas going through a crisis. He had to choose between the Fascists orthe Marxist, he filtered down to Fascists. Once the Fascists were in power, Mussolinipassed a law that stated two-thirds of the seats would be given to the partythat would manage to get 25% of the vote. The 1924 election wasnot pleasant as the Fascists forcefullyreached the goal of 25%. Benito Mussolini cleverly removed anyobstacles that checked his power and finally in 1926 he passed a law that he was the onlyperson who was responsible to the king. All the local governments weredissolved and officials were appointed while the mayors andcouncils were thrown out. In 1928 there were no partiesexcept for the Fascists. The Latern Accord of 1929 wasa treaty that recognised Pope as the authoritativeperson of Vatican City only. </div><div>Vatican now had an independent status andbecame an important centre of the world. The treaty also stated that Catholicismwas the only religion of the state. Other religions were tolerated as well. The bishops and priests were given salariesand church marriages were recognised. The religion was taught in schools now. The bishops promised theirloyalty to the Italian state. The church was not obligedto follow Fascism and the differenceswere always there. However, the peace continued withthese small differences too. Mussolini vowed to makeItaly the biggest power in Europe and hold powerin Mediterranean Sea. There was an equally powerfulman who was Adolf Hitler. Mussolini and Hitler met in 1934. Mussolini wanted anassurance from him that the Nazi’s would not tryand control Europe. Mussolini decided toattack Ethiopia in 1935 and Second Italo-AbyssinianWar stemmed in the international isolation ofItaly, becauseBritain and Francenow lost their trustin Benito Mussolini. World War II Germany’s invasion of Polandmarked the World War II.</div><div> Although he supported Hitler BenitoMussolini said that he was neutral. Mussolini along with the Fascistswanted to seize Middle East and Africa. He was warned by the King aboutthe army not being efficient enough for a long term war andto fly the weapons and tanks. Mussolini took the advice and waitedwhen France was attacked by Germany. France lost and it was now thatMussolini entered in the war. Mussolini expected to speedilyseize Savoy, Nice, Corsica, and the African colonies of Tunisiaand Algeria from the French, but Germany signed an armistice withMarshal Philippe Pétain instituting Vichy France, which reserved controlon southern France and colonies. This resolution infuriatedthe Fascist government. Italy couldn’t stand any frontsand was losing continuously. By 1943, there were many battles they lost. On July 25, 1943 Mussolini was arrestedby King Victor Emmanuel III’s order. The National Fascist Partywas banned and a new prime Minister was appointed -General Pietro Badoglio. </div><div>Mussolini was saved by a Germancommando in the Operation Eiche. The Fascists helped the Nazis inseveral ways but they finally lost. Mussolini was caught on April25, 1945 and was executed for treason the next day, thus endinga long Fascist rule in Italy. Italian Republic On June 2, 1946 the republican won 54%of vote and this made Italy a republic. The House of Savoy werebarred from entering Italy, this bar waslifted only in 2002. By 1950, Italy was stabilized and,in 1957, the economic and commerce developed soon and Italy wasfinally free from her troubles. Wars and revolts, battlesand rebellions had left the country weakbut it recovered soon. The country is now leading inglobal trade and commerce. Italy became one of the foundingmembers of the European Economic Community, it isnow the European Union. There have been many changesin the government after the Republic and today Italyis a thriving country. Italy has been marked by chaptersof momentary long separation and union of futile kingdomsand intercommoned conflicts. With its 60 million residentsthe country now enjoys peace, have developed culture andhigh standards of living. It is now a prosperous country and hasdeveloped a high sense of growth compared to the early years of 20th century whenthe country was dependant on agriculture. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8y3r8-bnmqQgx4JuYQ96FYAhft3saSImr01dgyhMkoA3SZFogD5Sw5erIwMv8ORQj_7VEgZdyKhYcg9f_Z5uslD1Xeex1ldAHIVvXkspo9nji97uO07Z6lVWrCdzMCzMMYOwE5JZxY3o/s400/ancient-history-of-italy-3+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," border="0" data-original-height="169" data-original-width="400" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8y3r8-bnmqQgx4JuYQ96FYAhft3saSImr01dgyhMkoA3SZFogD5Sw5erIwMv8ORQj_7VEgZdyKhYcg9f_Z5uslD1Xeex1ldAHIVvXkspo9nji97uO07Z6lVWrCdzMCzMMYOwE5JZxY3o/w320-h135/ancient-history-of-italy-3+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ancient history of italy, what is the ancient history of italy, history of italy,brief history of italy,history of italy book,genetic history of italy,what is the history of italy," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">ancient history of italy</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div>Tourism has now prospered andits capital Rome happens to be in the list of tourist’sfavourite place of visit. Not to forget the fashion hub – Milan. Milan has been the center of music,learning, art and culture since antiquity. It also happens to be the best placeto taste the region’s top cuisines. Another important city locatedin the Ligurian Gulf is Genoa. One of the most importantplaces which is also of great religious importanceis the Vatican City. Vatican is always thronged bytourists throughout the year. </div><div>The city of love, the city of canals, thecity of bridges or the city of masks call it what you like– Venice is one ofthe most romantic escapades for couples. It is addressed as the “La Serenissima”and the “Queen of Adriatic”. Literature, art, culinary, music, religionand philosophy seem to thrive in Italy. The country has preservedits reminiscences from the wondrous painters and sculptors of ancient times. ancient history of italy Italy has in store somerare and extraordinary gifts for the peopleof the world. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y16QLJOVP6s" width="480"></iframe></div><div>Life history... </div></div></div></div>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-30784518375491277802020-08-16T09:42:00.003-07:002020-08-17T03:51:05.712-07:00dr. bhimrao ambedkar<p><b> </b><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><b>dr. </b></span></span><b style="text-align: justify;">bhimrao ambedkar</b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-KR0L8z4sXGpvEBZuiS63tDyUzSEWtNhs1JjHag6GhmrwN7SVkor_KIuMOFZn68mtG_xLkdwn8eDKprBPsBbRT3uAo4iN0PkNjKmYHyn1QN0UwOlvQ-svvQ5ey_IFQs8exa__RKJv5Vo/s279/dr-bhimrao-ambedkar-1+%25281%2529.jpg"><img alt="dr.bhimrao ambedkar, bhimrao ambedkar history in english, dr.bhimrao ambedkar jayanti, history of dr bhimrao ambedkar bhimrao ambedkar photo, baba bhimrao ambedkar, bhimrao ambedkar agra," border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="170" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-KR0L8z4sXGpvEBZuiS63tDyUzSEWtNhs1JjHag6GhmrwN7SVkor_KIuMOFZn68mtG_xLkdwn8eDKprBPsBbRT3uAo4iN0PkNjKmYHyn1QN0UwOlvQ-svvQ5ey_IFQs8exa__RKJv5Vo/w195-h320/dr-bhimrao-ambedkar-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="dr.bhimrao ambedkar, bhimrao ambedkar history in english, dr.bhimrao ambedkar jayanti, history of dr bhimrao ambedkar bhimrao ambedkar photo, baba bhimrao ambedkar, bhimrao ambedkar agra," width="195" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Full Neme </span>- DR.Bhimrao Ramji</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;">Ambedkar</b></div><p><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Born</span> - 14 April 1891- India </b></p><p><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Died</span> - 6 December 1956 - India </b></p><p><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Age</span> - 65 </b></p><p><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Father</span> - Ramji Maloji Sakpal </b></p><p><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Mother</span> - Bhimabai Ramji Sakpal </b></p><p><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Spouse</span> - Ramabai Ambedkar and Savita </b><b>Ambedkar</b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b> dr. bhimrao ambedkar</b> </h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"> <b>dr. </b></span></span><b>bhimrao ambedkar</b> <span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">Jab hum azaadi ke sangharsh ki baat kartehain ya desh ki azaadi ki baat karte hain, pehla naam jo hum sab ko yaad aata hai wohai Mahatma Gandhi ka. Jinhe Rashtrpita bhi kaha jata hai. Bharat ki aazadi ki ladai ek aisi ghatna thhijo lambe arse tak chali thi jisme kai jaane-maane netao ne yogdaan diya thha jaise ki Subhash Chandra Bose, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal,Rabindranath Tagore, Bhagat Singh aadi. In sabhi netao mein wo </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"> dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> the jinhe Babasaheb bhi kaha jata hai. Aise kaii kisse sunne ko milte hain jabnetao ne ek nayak ki bhoomika nibhaate huey desh ko azaadi dilwayi thi. Inme se kai kahaniyaNya toh bahut kam prasiddh hain ya log unse avgat hi nahi hain. Isliye ye naainsaafi hogiagar hum kisi ek ke Gaurav ka bakhaan karein aur ek ko bhool jaayein. Jis samay humara samaj jaativaad ke sakhtniyamo se kasaa hua tha, </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne apne sampradaay ke liye awaaz uthayi jinhe achhootkaha jata tha. Ek nimna-vargeeya pariwar mein janm lene waale BR Ambedkar ne pehle apnishiksha se sabhi staro ko naapa aur fir azaadi ki ladai se jud gaye. Apni shiksha poori karneke baad, unnees-sau-bees mein </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne ek saptahik Marathi akhbar shuru kiya, MOOKNAYAKnaam ka ye akhbar dabe hue vargo ki awaaz bana. Aane wale varsho me, </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne kaisabhaon me bhaag liya aur sarvjanik bhaashano me nimn varg ke uddhar ki baat kahi. Unnes-sau-chaubees mein, </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne bahish krithitkarini sabha ki khoj ki jiske uddeshya the shiksha, dabe hue vargo ka nirman auruddhaar. Pichde vargo ko upar lene ki unki koshisho ne kabhi rukne ka naam nahi liya.Unnes-sau-pachchees mein unhone achhoot bachcho ke liye Barshi me hostel khole. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne acchooto ko chavdar tank ko chhone ki anumati dilane ke liye ladai ladi aur sanUnnes-sau-sattayees mein Mahad mein Satyagrah ki shuruwat ki. Unhe isliye bhi yaad kiyajata hai kyunki 1927 me unhone samaj samata sangh ki sthapana ki thi. Ek aur mehtvpoorn avsar tha jo 1927 me huajab BR </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne sarvjanik roop se manu ke updesho - Hindu sootr Manusmriti ki nindakii. Unhone kaha ki paramparik pustak jaativaad aur acchoot jaisi samajik kureetiyo ko badhavadeta hai. Isliye unhone pracheen pustak ko jala diya aur 25 december 1927 me unhone apneanuyayiyo ko bhi manusmriti jalane ke liye sehyog diya. Tabhi se, 25 December vaarshikstar par dalito aur </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ke anuyayiyo dwara manusmriti dahan din ke taur par manayajata hai. Montague Chelmsford sudhar ko shuru karneke baad, 1928 me british Sarkar ne bharat ke saavnidhanik sudhar ki dekhrekh ke liye Simon commission ko bharat bheja. Bhartiya kanoon committee ke sakhsya ke liye </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne kadam badhaya aur Bombay presidency committee ayog ke sadasya ban gaye. 1930 me, nasikme kalaram mandir me acchhooto ka pravesh maanya karane ke liye </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne ek satyagrahki shuruwat kii. Unke sabhi anuyayi mandir me ikattha hue aur sabne nasik me ek bohotbada juloos nikala. 1930 aur 1932 ke beech me </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne achooto ko aage karte hue roundtable sammelan kiya. Jab 1932 me Mahatama Gandhi ne maut aane tak Anshan liya, </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> unse baat karne aye.Is vartalaap ko poona act ke naam se jana gaya. Is se Gandhi ji ka Anshan poora ho gayaaur dalito ko ek alag nirvachan varg mil gaya jis se wo british bharat me rajya vaidhanikassembly ke sadasya ka chunav kar sakte the. 1935 mein, </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar <span style="font-size: medium;">ne aytihasik roopantaran sammelan ke adhyaksh ke roop me adhyakshtakii. Is sammelan me,</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne apne anuyayiyo se kaha ki unhe hindu dharm chhor dena chahiyeaur kisi anya dharm ko gale laga lena chahiye. Usi saal, </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ko sammelan ki adhyakshtakarne Lahore ke Jaat-Paat Todak Mandal dwara nyota diya gaya tha. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne jaativaadko mitaane ke liye apna bhaashan taiyyar kiya tha. Sammelan ke radd ho jane par </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ko apna bhashan chhapwane ke liye ek kitab prakashit karwani padi, jiska naam tha “Jaatiyoka naash”. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne dalito ki stithi ke utthan ke liye lagatar kaam kiya. Aur isey aage badhaneke liye, 1936 me unhone bambai vidhan parishad me ek vipakshiya party ki sthapana ki, jiskanaam padaa “Swatantr labour party”. 1935 me, bharat Sarkar adhiniyam ke tehat ayojitaam chunao me </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> kul 17 seetein haasil kar swatantr labour party ka sath Bambaividhan parishad ke sadasya chune gaye. unnisoo Adtis me jab congress Party ne ek bill pesh kia jis ka prasthav tha ki acchooto ko harijan yani hari ki santaan ka naam de diya jaye,to </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> vipaksh se khade hue. Unhone ye keh kar bill ki ninda kii ki ek naam badaljane se achhooto ki sthiti nahi badal jayegi. Jab ruling party ne swatantr labour partyko bade antar se hara diya tab </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ke netratv me labour party assembly se baharnikal ayi. Unhone shramik march nikala aur maang kii ki“Khoti System” ka unmoolankarne ke liye </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ke bill ko manzoori mile. Usi varsh </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar<span style="font-size: medium;"> ne kai sabhao ka sambodhitkiya aur Ahmedabad aur Nasik ke manmad jile me railway karmchariyo ke beech unke hit mebole. Unhone Bombay assembly me Industrial Disputes bill</span> ko bhi samarthan nahi diya jisneshramiko ke hadtaal karne ke adhikar par ankush lagane ki koshish ki thi. Unhone kaha ki agarswaraj hi humara janm siddh adhikar hai to karmchariyo ke hadtaal karne ka haq bhi unkajanm sidh adhikar hai. Iske baad Unhone Building trust aur Scheduled Caste improvement trustki bhi khoj ki.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfAuavNtitW_LKV5-37FzZI6m0HVkbwqgaT-F6mX8js02_gtzcB8oKKwK1Fp9OH_PjzKSV5lO2Ie0DGxOZlSjw4VBCGpB5MMPkknpLarPwW8x5GcBV9LuwO3UKiHv9A8nZ3bjlIX4cQOs/s279/dr-bhimrao-ambedkar-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="dr.bhimrao ambedkar, bhimrao ambedkar history in english, dr.bhimrao ambedkar jayanti, history of dr bhimrao ambedkar bhimrao ambedkar photo, baba bhimrao ambedkar, bhimrao ambedkar agra," border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="170" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfAuavNtitW_LKV5-37FzZI6m0HVkbwqgaT-F6mX8js02_gtzcB8oKKwK1Fp9OH_PjzKSV5lO2Ie0DGxOZlSjw4VBCGpB5MMPkknpLarPwW8x5GcBV9LuwO3UKiHv9A8nZ3bjlIX4cQOs/w195-h320/dr-bhimrao-ambedkar-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="dr.bhimrao ambedkar, bhimrao ambedkar history in english, dr.bhimrao ambedkar jayanti, history of dr bhimrao ambedkar bhimrao ambedkar photo, baba bhimrao ambedkar, bhimrao ambedkar agra," width="195" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><b>dr. </b></span></span><b style="text-align: justify;">bhimrao ambedkar</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Dalito ke haq ka bachav karne aur unke sathhui galtiyo ko sudharne, <span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar British Sarkar aur vipakshiya partiyo se appeal karne London gaye. Constituent assembly me diye Apne pehle Bhashan me <span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar ne Bharatko mazboot aur ekjut karne ka ahvaan kiya. Jab chhuachhoot ke unmoolan ke liye bharatke samvidhan ke article 17 ko savidhan sabha me le jaya gaya aur paarit kiya gaya tab dalitoki suraksha par ki gayi ambedkar ki koshisho ne ek sakaratmak mod liya. Bharat ki azaadi ke baad, <span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar Bombay Legislature Congress Party dwara Constituent Assembly ke sadasya chune gaye the. Wo azaadbharat ke pehle kanoon mantri bane aur uske baad unhe drafting committee ke liye bhi chunagaya jisme unhe 29 August 1947 me adhyaksh bhi chun liya gaya. October 1948 mein Unhoneconstituent assembly me sanvidhan ka pehla draft aage rakha. Constituent Assembly nechhuachhoot ka unmoolan karne ke liye Article 17 ko chuna. Fir 1949 mein Constituent Assembly ne sanvidhanko swikara, jisey fir baad me 26 January 1950 me laagu kiya gaya. <span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar jo tab kanoonmantri the, unhone hindu niji kanoon sudhar ke liye Hindu code bill ko bhi sansad ke saamnerakha. Usi varsh unhone finance commission of india ko sthapit kiya aur neechle vargke logo ko income tax dene ka virodh kiya. Unhone bharat ki su-vyavastha ke liye kuchapoorv yogdan diye. <span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar ne Land Revenue Tax, Excise dutypolicies aur land reform me ek mehtvpoorn yogdan diya aur desh ki kul arth-vyavaathame bhi. Azaadi ke andolano aur arthik badhotri me unke yogdan ke alawa, <span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar ne birthcontrol measures ki bhi vakalat ki jisey baad me Sarkar ne pariwar niyojan policy me shaamilkar liya. Us bade neta ka ek bahut kam jana hua sach ye bhi hai ki wo Bauddh Dharm ke anuyayeethhe. Ek Dalit pariwar me janm lene ke bavjood, <span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">dr. </span></span>bhimrao ambedkar ne poore jeevan Bauddh dharm ki padhaikii. Unhone na sirf apne anuyayiyo ko isey apnane ke liye prerit kiya balki khud bhiBuddha ko poori tarah sweekar kiya. 1955 mein unhone Bhartiya Buddha mahasabha ki sthaapnaki. Rashtriya andolano ke zyadatar netao ne azaadike sangharsh aur samaaj ke liye mahatvapoorn yogdan diye. Wo aise badlav laye jinki adhiktarkahaniya ya to zyadaa log jante nahi hain ya us baare mein baat nahi karte. Aaj humaise neta ke bare me padhenge jo rashtra ke ek bade nayak hain. Unke yogdan bhi utne hi apoorvhain. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">.......................<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></span></b>........................ </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-44160720043319025652020-08-15T11:05:00.002-07:002020-08-16T02:44:53.322-07:00দূর্গা পূজা<h2 style="text-align: left;"> <b>দূর্গা পূজা</b></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2VoZap0ew4o7ZcRIBnqtvqD2WWfCD5lrIkW3R4VDu8PXVjK7Oj19pHyFsZDwYIJ0G11TgudHFqVoR0V5R-Zpk6WSQBDsn7Iq7lC9ByLdN1FwLGbxETgsvKXVAN5Crz0J74nC5vi2u7s/s400/durga-maa-4775034__480+%25282%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="দূর্গা পূজা" 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বাঙালীকে আনন্দিত করে না, সমস্ত মানব জাতিকেই আনন্দে খুশিতে ভরিয়ে দিয়ে যায়। এই দূর্গা পূজা সকলকেই ভালোবাসার মেল বন্ধনে বেঁধে রাখে। সকলের মধ্যে এক নতুনত্য সেজে ওঠে, বেড়ে ওঠে মায়ের প্রতি সমস্ত মানব সন্তানের স্নেহ, মমতা। পূরাণের কথায় রাম চন্দ্র রাবনকে হত্যা করার জন্য মা দূর্গাকে অর্থাৎ শরৎ কালে স্মরণ করে তাঁকে ভক্তিভরে দূর্গা পূজো করে তাঁকে মুগ্ধ করে তুলেছিলেন। এবং মা দূর্গার মুগ্ধতার ফলে, যে বর রামচন্দ্র মায়ের কাছ থেকে পেয়েছিলেন, সেই মাতৃ বরের দ্বারাই রামচন্দ্র রাবনকে বধ করে সীতাকে উদ্ধার করে এনেছিলেন। দূর্গা অর্থাৎ মহাদেবের স্ত্রী, যাদেরকে আমরা শিব গৌরি বলে সকলে জানি। সমস্ত দেবতাদের মধ্যে যিনি মহান, তিনি হলেন মহাদেব অর্থাৎ শিব। শ্রী রামচন্দ্রের কালে রাক্ষস বংশ ছিল সবথেকে শক্তিশালি। আর সেই রাক্ষসদের রাজা ছিলেন রাবণ, রাবন ছিলেন মহাদেবের ভক্ত, তিনি বহুদিন ধ্যানে বসে যজ্ঞ করে মহাদেবের স্মরনাপন্য হন। এবং মহাদেব রাবনের প্রতি তুষ্ট হয়ে রাবনকে বর দেবার আর্জি জানান, আর ঐ সময় সুবিধাবাদি রাবণ মহাদেবের কাছ থেকে অমরত্বের বর চেয়ে বসে। মহাদেব সেরা ভক্তের চাওয়াকে কখনোই অবজ্ঞা করতে পারেন না। এই বিশ্ব বোহ্মান্ডে যেমন সৃষ্টি আছে তেমনি ধংস ও আছে। অর্থাৎ যার জন্ম হবে তার বিনাশ ও একদিন হবেই। তাই মহাদেব রাবণকে বললেন, তোমাকে অমরত্বের বর দান করলাম ঠিকই কিন্তু কোন নারীর প্রতি তোমার লোভই হবে তোমার মৃত্যুর কারন। রাবণ বললেন এ কিরকম বর দিলেন প্রভু, মুখে জল তুলে দিয়ে হাতে বিশ ধরিয়ে দিচ্ছেন তা কি পরবর্তী পিপাসায় বিশ পান করে মরতে হবে। এই অভীশাপের বিহিত আপনি বলুন প্রভু। মহাদেব বললেন এর বিহিত তোমাকেই করতে হবে, যেমন তুমি আমার পূজো করে আমাকে সন্তুষ্ট করে বর পেলে। তেমনি প্রত্যেক বছর বসন্তের শেষে দেবী দূর্গার পূজো করে তাকে সন্তুষ্ট করে তার স্মরনাপন্য হলে, তাঁর কাছ থেকে প্রাপ্ত বরই তোমাকে অমর করবে। কিন্তু এই বর প্রাপ্তের আগে কোন নারীর প্রতি তোমার লোভ মানেই তোমার মৃত্যু। এই বলে মহাদেব অদৃশ্য হলেন। রাবণ এই কথা শুনে আনন্দে নাচতে থাকলেন। এবং মহাদেবের কথামত প্রতি বছর বসন্তের শেষে দেবী দূর্গা পূূজার বোধণ অর্থাৎ পূজো করতে থাকেন,যা বর্তমান বাসন্তি পূজো নামে খ্যাত। দেবী দূর্গার অনেক নামের মধ্যে মা বাসন্তি ও একটি নাম,কিন্তু রাবন যখন সীতাকে দেখেন তার রূপ সৌন্দর্যকতার মোহ রাবণকে তার অতিত ও ভবিষ্যতের সমস্ত কথা ভুলিয়ে দিয়েছিল। তিনি তাই নিজের কঠোরতাকে সামলাতে না পেরে, সীতার মোহে পাগল হয়ে গেছিলেন। তাই সীতাকে তিনি তুলে নিয়ে গিয়ে নিজের গৃহে বন্দি করে রাখলেন, কারন মা দূর্গার শেষ পূজো সেরে মায়ের কাছ থেকে অমরত্বের বর প্রাপ্ত হলেই, সীতাকে তিনি বিয়ে করবেন। রাবণের এই সীতা হরনের কথা রামচন্দ্রের কানে গেলে, তিনি রাবণের হাত থেকে সীতাকে উদ্ধার করার জন্য রাবণের আসল শক্তি দেবী দূর্গাকে অকালে অর্থাৎ শরতকালে বোধন করেন। এবং দেবী দূর্গা তুষ্ট হয়ে রামচন্দ্রের স্মরনাপন্য হন। রামচন্দ্র দেবী দূর্গাকে রাবণের অপকর্মের কথা বলায়, দেবী দূর্গা রামচন্দ্রকে যুদ্ধ করার, এবং যুদ্ধ জয়ের বর দান করলেন। এবং এই বরের দ্বারাই রামচন্দ্র রাবণ বধ করে সীতাকে উদ্ধার করে আনেন। আর সেই থেকে দেবী দূর্গার পূজো মর্তবাসীরা করে আসছে। রামচন্দ্র ছিলেন মানব জাতির কাছে দেবতা স্বরূপ, তাই তাঁর পূজোটাকেই আমরা শ্রেষ্ঠ পূজো বা শারোদসব বলে মানি। কিন্তু আজও এই বাংলার বুকে মা দূর্গার পূজো বছরে দু বারই সমার্পন হয়। বিশেস করে আমরা শরতের পূজোটাকেই শ্রেষ্ঠ বলে মান্য করি। যে সমস্ত বাঙালীর বন্ধুরা বিদেশে থাকেন, তাঁরাও সকলেই ওই বিদেশে বাঙালীর সেরা দূর্গা পূজা পালন করেন। </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip-4OxmKcAOBLKMT-3J0rU0wlSxbjkMotawXjN8ST9dAEPluWUW6ZnRG9C4E5XPRcuKwnSu9HyQzsz5wEbgKrv0MetDX8Ey42j7gXxBrZXxP_tqVn-Oq0_9L-sdy3GmYYF8fTsHUiwqNs/s400/durga-maa-4775034__480+%25282%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="দূর্গা পূজা" border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip-4OxmKcAOBLKMT-3J0rU0wlSxbjkMotawXjN8ST9dAEPluWUW6ZnRG9C4E5XPRcuKwnSu9HyQzsz5wEbgKrv0MetDX8Ey42j7gXxBrZXxP_tqVn-Oq0_9L-sdy3GmYYF8fTsHUiwqNs/w320-h213/durga-maa-4775034__480+%25282%2529.jpg" title="দূর্গা পূজা,বাঙালীর সেরা দূর্গা পূজা,দূগা ঠাকুর কিসে আসছে 2020,দুর্গাপূজা নিয়ে লেখা,শারদীয় দূর্গোৎসব," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"> মা দূর্গা </span></td></tr></tbody></table><p>পুরো বাঁংলার সাথে সাথে মেতে ওঠেন বিদেশে থাকা বাজ্ঞালীরাও। পুরনো দিনের ভাষায় বলি, এসেছে শরৎ হিমের পরশ, লেগেছে হাওয়ার পরে। সকাল বেলায় ঘাসের আগায় শিশিরের রেখা ধরে। দীর্ঘ গ্রীষ্ম আর বর্ষার পর যখন শরৎ হিমের পরশের হাওয়া নিয়ে, মুক্তোর মত শিশির ঝরিয়ে আমাদের সামনে এসে পৌঁছায়, তখনি মা দূর্গার আগমনের বার্তা আমাদের কাছে পৌঁছে যায়। সকলের মন উতাল হয়ে ওঠে নতুন জামা কাপড় পরে মাকে দর্শন করবো। ভাবতে ভাবতেই মা দূর্গার আগমন হয় মর্তে, পঞ্চমি থেকে নবমি আনন্দ আলোয় ভরে ওঠে সমস্ত বাংলা। দিন রাতের কোন তফাৎ থাকেনা, থাকেনা কোন জাত ভিভেদের ভিন্নতা। মা দূর্গা তাঁর ত্রিনয়নী শক্তির দ্বারা ক্ষুদ্র বৃহৎ, উচ্চ নিচ সকলকেই দর্শনাশীস দান করেন। এবং সকলকেই নিজের সন্তান ভেবে ঢাক ঢোলের শব্দে মাতিয়ে তোলেন। আর কদিন পরেই মায়ের বিদায়ের ডাক পড়ে যায়। এবার তাঁকে মর্ত থেকে অর্থাৎ বাপের বাড়ি, এবং শ্বশুর বাড়ি যেতে হবে, তাই আমরা দশমির দিন কন্যা বিদায়ের আয়োজন করি আলতা সিন্দুর আর মিষ্টি দিয়ে তাঁকে বরণ করে ভাসিয়ে দি গজ্ঞার জলে। সমস্ত বাঙালীর মনে এক দূঃখের আভাষ ঘিরে ফেলে, যেন কোন গৃহস্হ বাড়ির একমাত্র কন্যা বিয়ের পর প্রথমবার বাপের বাড়ি এসে কদিন থেকে আবার শ্বশুর বাড়ি চলে গেলে, যে অবস্তা মা, বাবা, ও সমস্ত পরিবারের হয়,ঠিক তেমনি মা দূর্গার বিসর্জনের পর সমস্ত মানব জাতির সেই অবস্হাই দেখা যায়। সকলেইতো বিজয়ার শুভেচ্ছা হাসি মুখে গ্রহন করি ঠিকই কিন্তু, সে হাসি অন্তরের হাসি নয়, অন্তর শুধু মায়ের আগমনের দিন খুঁজে বেড়ায়, আর সেই দিনটা আশলে আমরা যখন হাসি, সেটাই হল আমাদের অন্তরের হাসি। এই ভাবেই আমরা মায়ের আগমনের প্রতি বিশ্বাস রেখে কর্মে জড়িয়ে পড়ি। আর তার মধ্যেই কেটে যায় একটি বছর, আবার হাজির হয় বাঙীলীর সেরা দূর্গা পূজা । এই পার্বণের আসা যাওয়াতেই আমরা মেতে উঠি বছরের পর বছর। এই ভাবে বছরে পূজায় পূজায় যায় আমাদের দিন, আর এসবের মধ্যে যে পূজা সব থেকে বেশি আনন্দ দেয় সেই হল বাঙালীর সেরা দূর্গা পূজা ।</p><p> দূর্গা পূজা, তাপস প্রধানের লেখা </p><p> তাপস প্রধান</p><p> 👍 অনেক ধন্যবাদ জানাই তাপস প্রধানকে 👍</p>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-11949329120509808902020-08-13T09:20:00.001-07:002020-08-17T03:51:48.100-07:00steve jobs success story <p> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Steve jobs </span> </p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsIavgRyjIgwi4AFZ_N56YIyY7H0O0QQFj3aFbrQwFvFwWBPhAg-iYZUDZWKFSWM-iQEb0EqVR_jgwl-Rzl2fCDSRmhj8fiivE8HhnDcFuShMiZmHZ13MMxY7WTW88RTn5ymZzfBw45Bg/s300/steve-jobs-3+%25281%2529.jpg"><img alt="steve jobs success story,steve jobs apple success story, steve jobs death, steve jobs' death age,steve jobs apple success story," border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsIavgRyjIgwi4AFZ_N56YIyY7H0O0QQFj3aFbrQwFvFwWBPhAg-iYZUDZWKFSWM-iQEb0EqVR_jgwl-Rzl2fCDSRmhj8fiivE8HhnDcFuShMiZmHZ13MMxY7WTW88RTn5ymZzfBw45Bg/w211-h320/steve-jobs-3+%25281%2529.jpg" title="steve jobs success story,steve jobs apple success story, steve jobs death, steve jobs' death age,steve jobs apple success story," width="211" /></a></div><p></p><p><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Full neme</b> - Steven Paul Jobs</p><p><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Born</span> - 24 February 1955 - <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank"><b>United States</b></a>, California</p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Died</b> - October 5, 2011 <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank">United States</a></b>, California </p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">age</b> - 56 year </p><p><br /></p><p><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Occupation</b> - Entrepreneur- Industrial designer- Investor - Media proprietor</p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"> steve jobs success story</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"> He's considered as the father of digital revolution, and massive innovation and a design perfectionist. He had a net worth of 8 billion dollars in 2010. There is not a single executive or creator in technology industry more important than him. He's one of the most creative and daring CEO of all time. A global icon who will shake the world of technology and media. His products are adored by millions of people across the world. A company that he started in the garage is worth more that 742 billion dollars today. For over 30 years, computers, music, movies and mobile phones have all been transformed by none other than Steve Jobs of Apple. Today, we talked about the fascinating journey of one of the most loved entrepreneurs of all time Steve Jobs and this is his biography Born in San Fransisco, California his parents that were unable to care for him Steve Jobs' early life was a struggle of identity.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0V0ondCc0756d5KdgSblnN2GwGoNZWH0-Uf4l6HQ9XbyqC5ChbGSwKS8s5GeNY8mjmwzUSgmNdBSxZOdoDMKvF3cft0ru10Ox7tzeyaK9GmHjgeoNwSbx3oFH8fj8t27PfKKZga9VGcM/s480/apple-1.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img alt="steve jobs success story,steve jobs apple success story, steve jobs death, steve jobs' death age,steve jobs apple success story," border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="480" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0V0ondCc0756d5KdgSblnN2GwGoNZWH0-Uf4l6HQ9XbyqC5ChbGSwKS8s5GeNY8mjmwzUSgmNdBSxZOdoDMKvF3cft0ru10Ox7tzeyaK9GmHjgeoNwSbx3oFH8fj8t27PfKKZga9VGcM/w320-h320/apple-1.webp" title="steve jobs success story,steve jobs apple success story, steve jobs death, steve jobs' death age,steve jobs apple success story," width="320" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">steve jobs</span> success story</b></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">He was an adopted child raised by caring parents. One of the early visions of his biological parents was academic success for Steve Jobs. However, young Steve Jobs was far from been an academic. Despite his immense intelligent, he wasn't interested in schooling. Apart from a few selected subjects, the teenage Steve, who was raised in Mountain View, in the 1970s was much more interested in pranking phones' computers, creating innovative business ideas and messing around with his close friend Steve Wozniak. Steve's approach to education has been explained very publicly. He only felt that he could really learnt after he had dropped out of college. In 1976, when Jobs was just 21 years old, he and his partner, Steve Wozniak started Apple Computer. The duo started in Steve Jobs' family garage, funding their entrepreneurial venture by Jobs selling his Volkswagen bus and Wozniak selling his beloved scientific calculator. Jobs and Wozniak are credited with revolutionising the computer industry by democratising the technology and making machine smaller, cheaper, intuitive and accessible to everyday consumers. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhigTz7sZ7kIAzGoEB4IqrJcooyYmSB4IaEDRDlaqfPueCSQOe178bS2Kd2B3uhbtyVb4dEoKiej8jpuGv1rgBenAgcpglKj5svXV1DPqXvQEW-e-0ylWUsSt7FEsEHvps1MHC0aSE2Avk/s656/steve-jobs-12.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="steve jobs success story,steve jobs apple success story, steve jobs death, steve jobs' death age,steve jobs apple success story," border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="656" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhigTz7sZ7kIAzGoEB4IqrJcooyYmSB4IaEDRDlaqfPueCSQOe178bS2Kd2B3uhbtyVb4dEoKiej8jpuGv1rgBenAgcpglKj5svXV1DPqXvQEW-e-0ylWUsSt7FEsEHvps1MHC0aSE2Avk/w320-h234/steve-jobs-12.webp" title="steve jobs success story,steve jobs apple success story, steve jobs death, steve jobs' death age,steve jobs apple success story," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">steve jobs</span> success story</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Wozniak conceived a series of user friendly personal computers and with Jobs in charge of marketing. Apple initially marketed the computers for $666 each. Initial success with the Apple I, pushed Wozniak and Jobs to create bigger and better computers. And by the late 1970s, they have created what will become Apple's first big success, the Apple II. A high-speed business workstation the computer was a hit in their native California, and Jobs soon became a millionaire from the computers' heavy sales throughout the state and country. However, things turned sour for Jobs, when he sought to expand Apple further hiring former Pepsi's Chief Executive, John Sculley to lead Apple in a new direction. The experienced Chief Executive had no patience for Jobs' controversial and demanding management style. And after 2 years, they had no time for each other. In a boardroom meeting, Steve Jobs was fired from the company that he founded. His dismissal at Apple, ignited a fire in Jobs. One that burnt for the remainder of his career. Just a year later, he purchased a struggling animation studio from Star Wars' mastermind, George Lucas. It bled money for over 10 years; money that Jobs, himself was spending on the studio until a fantastic 1997 hits with the movie, Toy Story. Likewise, he created another company, and called it NeXT with specialised high-end workstations for the business community. However, it was a commercial failure and NeXT bled money until it was purchased by Apple a decade later, bringing Steve Jobs back to the company that he built. Over the next few years, Jobs went from a small position at Apple to the company's interim CEO and eventually taking on the position full-time. Steve Jobs' second period at Apple, produced many of the company's more successful devices, from the iPad, to the iMac that Jobs led Apple went ahead of its previous milestone and grew into the biggest company in the technology sector. Although it took a heavy blow to set Jobs on the right path, his experiences reflect a true genius and it's regarded as the biggest second act in business history.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9wz7mZ1F5DmgK_S7Z28eue7bnUBC9xGXP8vPntQvp-hEmHZUedjdaw9JTAiisJZ2SEtpA6HyElJKGxglrjtYBSQDMYMojGuP8maGF5dviMJB-LUxBj9xRut3aHy9S7MJslcXgpsEIgHI/s400/Stve-jobs-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="steve jobs success story,steve jobs apple success story, steve jobs death, steve jobs' death age,steve jobs apple success story," border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="400" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9wz7mZ1F5DmgK_S7Z28eue7bnUBC9xGXP8vPntQvp-hEmHZUedjdaw9JTAiisJZ2SEtpA6HyElJKGxglrjtYBSQDMYMojGuP8maGF5dviMJB-LUxBj9xRut3aHy9S7MJslcXgpsEIgHI/w320-h214/Stve-jobs-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="steve jobs success story,steve jobs apple success story, steve jobs death, steve jobs' death age,steve jobs apple success story," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">steve jobs </span>success story</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> However, early in 2009 reports circulating about Jobs' weight loss. Some predicting his health issues have returned Jobs had responded to these concerns by stating that he was dealing with hormone imbalance. After nearly a year out of the spotlight, Steve Jobs delivered a keynote address at an invite-only Apple Event on September 9, 2009. Later, on October 1st, 2011 Apple sadly announced that its co-founder had passed away after battling pancreatic cancer for nearly a decade. Steve Jobs died in Palo Alto when he was just 56 years old. Steve Jobs: "I was lucky. I have found what I love to do early in life when I was 20. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. And don't settle. Despite the cut throat competition from rival tech companies like Google and Microsoft, Steve Jobs make sure that none of those bother the success path for Apple and kept working hard till the last breath to make sure Apple remains as the top tech company in the world. He is a true inspiration for every boarding entrepreneurs and will remain as the hero of the tech industry. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">........................<b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></b>.................... </p>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-11607231099268187652020-08-12T05:05:00.004-07:002020-08-13T09:27:21.515-07:00History of Canada<div style="text-align: justify;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgEw0d0E67dJqDDZw7Vj5HsF5tkdTNIDdVR5iasfLTqORkOq1IHuoDOdttfIPOht2LkvXVfckBlq6f15Vr7IUOVLVdYosodC6HKVd3mBi1Pv9hyphenhyphen2Kf5bFSAWfKvA0Z1pEGFnpRlRTiX6U/s400/Canada-0+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="400" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgEw0d0E67dJqDDZw7Vj5HsF5tkdTNIDdVR5iasfLTqORkOq1IHuoDOdttfIPOht2LkvXVfckBlq6f15Vr7IUOVLVdYosodC6HKVd3mBi1Pv9hyphenhyphen2Kf5bFSAWfKvA0Z1pEGFnpRlRTiX6U/w320-h215/Canada-0+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," width="320" /></a></div></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><b> History of Canada</b></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>History of Canada</b>, the land of beavers,hockey and snow but does it really paints the completepicture of the country. The history of the Canada is filledwith conflicts and struggles. The history of Canada is very vast andinteresting, from the arrival of Vikings to the present-day Canada which ishome to people of a vast diversity. Long before the foreign armiesstep their foot on the Canadian land, it was inhabited by theindigenous people of Canada. With start of 15th Century, the French and British expeditions explored, colonized and fought for various parts of North America which later formed The Province History of Canada. Different parts of thecountry were conquered and control by Frenchand British Army. Later the British Armies took control overa vast part of the country after France was defeated in The Seven Year War (calledThe French and Indian War by Americans). Although the British werethe first to claim land on the North American in 1497when Jon Cabot claimed some North American coasts(modern-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia) on behalfof King Henry VII</div><div style="text-align: justify;">. But those claims were notexercised and Britain didn’t make any further attemptto colonize the areas. However as the British didn’tmake any further claims at that time, the French started their own expeditions and the first French colonywas established in 1534 by the name of NouvelleFrance (or New France). <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEcPArDr4HKpR7THURZro1FTLF87rWpkKj-dsIW3OLfnXCgesWG65byHhzD0mETXh38byCommox7ucJVrlu3sZrYzCHeEnYnuAz2cEiJReZFhFyqMUwsapT10gz3KMiypJ0HZxoezDJDA/s480/IMG-20200812-WA0003.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="416" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEcPArDr4HKpR7THURZro1FTLF87rWpkKj-dsIW3OLfnXCgesWG65byHhzD0mETXh38byCommox7ucJVrlu3sZrYzCHeEnYnuAz2cEiJReZFhFyqMUwsapT10gz3KMiypJ0HZxoezDJDA/w173-h200/IMG-20200812-WA0003.jpg" title="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," width="173" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">History of Canada</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">After the British won theSeven-year war, they took over all the French colonyand signed The Paris Treaty which forced French to completelycease all there businesses and trades except the fishingrights for the Newfoundl and. The British controlled Provinceof Quebec was divided into two different parts, thosewere Upper and Lower history of Canada, these remained like this until 1841. In 1894 Upper and LowerCanada unified to form Province of Canada, furtherdown the road in 1867, Province history of the history of Canada wasfurther joined by two British colonies toform modern-day history of Canada. During the American Revolutions,Canadian refused to be a part of the war which led to hatredbetween Americans and Canadians. Canadians were generallybranded as Non-American, which they later decided to be abetter suited for them. Over thousands of years of their history of Canada has elements of Indigenous people, French, British and their inner conflictsrelated to the independence of Quebec. Canada before the Foreign Colonization Indigenous People history of Canada Archeological evidence statesthat North and South America were the last continents tobe migrated by the people. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4NASYpStBSG0X7t4EnxaatwA3Rgh_YEhPagMYKAlvy9zi7yh2R9AQxHL1WX-uUuBHs4jmGeguHbrbbsOgqdBJxzMLg1SGx8yIeu1vLyCa-uiy22takLYXKMdBCyxHbPwDhB-9Q2TQqBE/s400/Canada-80+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="400" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4NASYpStBSG0X7t4EnxaatwA3Rgh_YEhPagMYKAlvy9zi7yh2R9AQxHL1WX-uUuBHs4jmGeguHbrbbsOgqdBJxzMLg1SGx8yIeu1vLyCa-uiy22takLYXKMdBCyxHbPwDhB-9Q2TQqBE/w320-h214/Canada-80+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">History of Canada</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">During the Wisconsin Glaciation 50,000-17,000BC, the sea level gradually lowered in this part of the globe which allowed peopleto migrate into northwest North America. The exact dates of themigrations to American are still debated over byhistorians and archeologists. First Foreign Contact There are some traces of contactmade by The Norse, who had settled the Greenland andIceland, known as the Vikings. There is evidence of their visit to theNorth American lands in the 11th Century, in a small settlement built by them atthe northernmost tip of Newfoundland. French Colonies in history of the Canada Francis I of France sentthe French expedition in hope to expand the French empire overseas. Jacques Cartier planted across in the Gaspe Peninsula in 1534 and claimed the nameon behalf of Francis I. This led to the establishment ofthe first French colony in Canada. Further attempts to claim Charlesbourg-Royal, Sable Island and Quebecall failed eventually. In 1608 Champlain founded the Quebec City. This was one of the earliestpermanent settlements, which became the capital of New France. This city was further turned into themain center for the New French colony. The Seven Year War After the 17th century, both Frenchand British colonies were looking to expand their empire and tradeinside the North American mainland. In 1700’s French colonieswere well established along the shores ofSaint Lawrence River and Nova Scotia, however with the arrivalof the British colonies from the shore. Hudson’s Bay Company wasone of the biggest British colonies which laid claimto the Hudson Bay. Rupert’s Land was used to establishnew fishing settlements and trade. From 1688 to 1763, 4 French and Indian Wars along with 2 other wars were fought between the Thirteen Americancolonies of New France and Britain. British army used the irunmatchable Navy strength to attack the Frenchcolonies through Louisbourg. Canada under the British Rule With the end of The Seven Year War andsigning of the Paris Treaty in 1763, France had to agree to cease control ofall its colonies in the American land, with an exception of fishingrights in Newfoundland. Some French people who choose to livein the country were made to work small jobs and further, there were variousbounds to what they can worship and speak. Later British returned Guadeloupe toFrance, which was its most important sugar-producing colony, it was consideredthe most profitable colony in history of Canada. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTVRAx1vCPhmbhavRIpIhBt-r01Xj735b0_3BjvSVxXpYhvkWtMDpgSIxlBTrjxlZb4W3kQOUepo4ZfMETtmgOyjaMQd5if8TFUU2ibMpZzFMU4wZRcdQumFuNbmnFlkC0fL36Vy3cBtc/s400/canada55480+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="400" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTVRAx1vCPhmbhavRIpIhBt-r01Xj735b0_3BjvSVxXpYhvkWtMDpgSIxlBTrjxlZb4W3kQOUepo4ZfMETtmgOyjaMQd5if8TFUU2ibMpZzFMU4wZRcdQumFuNbmnFlkC0fL36Vy3cBtc/w320-h214/canada55480+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">History of Canada</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Canada during <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/world-war-i-great-war-life-history.html" target="_blank">World War I</a></b> The Canadian Army was the part of the Would War I to improve their relations with the British and develop goodconnections with them internally. Canadian Military really achieved a bigstature in this war due to the spirit shown by their troops during the battlesof Somme, Vimy, and Passchendaele, this period of war was later namedas “Canada’s Hundred Days”. This glorious endeavor by theCanadian Military really helped to give a sense of discreetidentity to the Canadian Citizens. The reputation earned by theCanadian troops under William George Barker and Billy Bishop reallyhelped to make a mark in the War. The Canadians basically participated inthe war due to their relations with the British but by the end of the war, thenumber of casualties was very high. Around 67,000 soldiers werekilled in the war with 173,000 injured and that’s excludingthe number of civilians. Canadians realized that thesacrifices made by their own people for the benefit of theBritish weren’t worth the cost. This led to some political disputeswith the British Government. Feminism and Women Suffrage in history of Canada From 1894 to 1918, Women’spolitical status was promoted without the vote by National Council of Women history of Canada. This suffrage movementproved a really important point in the history of the Canadian women right. While this movement improved the politicalstatus of the White women, it was achieved using race-based arguments whichlater made the situation a little grey. Women did vote in some smallerprovinces, where women who own a piece of land were allowedto vote in school trustees. Later in 1916 Manitoba took the leadby providing full Women suffrage. The Military Voters Act of 1917gave the votes to the war widows and to the women who lost theirsons in the aftermath of the war. Prime Minister Bordensupported women suffrage in his campaign and heintroduced the bill supporting equal womensuffrage, which was passed for all the provincesexcept for Quebec in 1918. Women in Quebec, however, had to waituntil 1940 to gain full suffrage. The very first women elected to Parliamentwas Agnes Macphail, Ontario in 1921. Canadian impact on theWorld stage after World War I With the great impact of theCanadian troops in the Allied forces, Canadian Prime Ministerstarted to be more assertive, convinced with the fact that Canadahas proven itself in the war front, he for a separate seat in theParis Peace Conference of 1919. After being opposed by the Britishand <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank">the United States</a></b>, Canada was given a seat in the Conference alongwith India, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and Newfoundland on thebasis that these countries lost a large number of soldiers in the war anddeserves a place in the Peace Conference. history of Canada didn’t really alterthe proceedings of the Conference by participatingin a really modest manner. For them finally having a sit at thetable was a matter of great pride. Domestic Conditions history of Canada after thewar and during The Great Depression After the war was over the Liberal Government take it upon itself to improve the domesticconditions of the country. Liberal Government policies focusedon lowering wartime taxes, cooling the wartime tension and defusing postwarconflicts of the labor classes. In 1930s whole Americawas hit hard by the Great Depression and Canada was no exception. The Great Depression began in 1929 andby 1933 at the depth of the Depression, Unemployment reached 27% and Grossnational product dropped by 40%. Many large businesses wereforced to close and the exports are dropped by50% from 1929 to 1933. 30% of the labor force was out ofwork and nearly one-fifth of the population was completely dependenton the Government for their survival. The sectors which were hit worstby the Depression were the areas depending on the primary industrieslike farming, mining etc. In 1930, Prime Minister Mackenzie King blew away the effects of the Depressionin the country as a temporary swing in thebusiness cycle and refused to give any relief orshelter to the unemployed. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjexSbZ2u6moWzFj1i1NO-4ZiLGz9L6PC3KQOsGJFBe6F20w54SGZ3UiJc-y9PQwF8jFWtiPOD3CyRItvB7uaff0sWKWMXOXzynmOFOxHiL5lgAud1TNoNF_rDV8FQylkSDw0vzFcaPFgA/s692/IMG-20200812-WA0005.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="692" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjexSbZ2u6moWzFj1i1NO-4ZiLGz9L6PC3KQOsGJFBe6F20w54SGZ3UiJc-y9PQwF8jFWtiPOD3CyRItvB7uaff0sWKWMXOXzynmOFOxHiL5lgAud1TNoNF_rDV8FQylkSDw0vzFcaPFgA/w200-h139/IMG-20200812-WA0005.jpg" title="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">History of Canada</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">He believed that the economy will improvewithout any Government intervention. Later, the opposition partyoverthrew the Liberal Party using this blunt wisecrack of the PrimeMinister in 1930’s Election. The Conservatives werethe winner of 1930’s election and appointedRichard Bedford Bennett. He promisedto resolve the situationby making deal with the Federal Government, but with the Depressiongetting worse with time. He later attempted to sign a New Dealwith United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt but that didn’t reallyhelp him to turn around the situation. This led to Mackenzie King gettingback to power in the 1935 elections. The worst of Depression was overby 1935 and the things were starting to get better untilthe Would War II broke out in 1939. The end of British Rule in Canada The British Parliament passedthe Stature of Westminster in 1931 which put history of Canada coequalwith the United Kingdom. It was a really crucialmoment in the Canadian complete independencefrom the British.history of the Canada in WWII Canada’s involvement inthe Second world-war helped to restore itseconomic status and really boosted its self-confidence,as it played a really crucial role inthe Atlantic and Europe. Even after playing a really crucial rolein the war by supplying food, and raw materials, Mackenzie King, and Canadianswere ignored by Winston Churchill. After the war, the Depressionended and Canada’s economic stature startedto extend significantly. Postwar period and relationswith the United States After the WWII, prosperity returned toCanada and continued to grow from there. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZnRUqtYy89a6hGejozupIgKDbBFyi-Fxqyfct6NKHMQlDhbTZGMJvFeQ56gBGVYEkmO_gGiB56qP8fYN72BDVWps8Ka7RLEDu3D6Ftt9vkYgrBM3ZoAEge3rjekXbe5q_qKhqSaHPryw/s400/Canada-2-480+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZnRUqtYy89a6hGejozupIgKDbBFyi-Fxqyfct6NKHMQlDhbTZGMJvFeQ56gBGVYEkmO_gGiB56qP8fYN72BDVWps8Ka7RLEDu3D6Ftt9vkYgrBM3ZoAEge3rjekXbe5q_qKhqSaHPryw/w320-h213/Canada-2-480+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">History of Canada</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1948, the British Government presentedthree choices in New foundland Referendum: First one was to remain a crown colony. The second one was to return to the Dominion status or to join Canada. After a year facing politicalpressure, finally, Newfoundland voted tojoin Canada in 1949. History of Canada was the founding member of NATOand in 1950 Canada sent combat troops to Korea during the Korean War to fightalongside the United States Army. The Quiet Revolution Quebec was one of the most important anddebated part of the Canadian Province. In the 1960s, a revolution took placeto overthrow the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec and furthermodernization of the economy and society. This revolution was latercalled as The Quiet Revolution. Quebec was controlled by thehigh-class British officials with the French generally working low-leveljobs to basically serve the British. The motives of the nationalists to secureFrench linguistic rights in the province and sovereignty for Quebec led to theelecting of Parti Quebecois in Quebec. In 1980, Referendum in Quebec was turneddown with 59 % voting against it. In this scenario, Quebecwould have been considered independent and will have itsown tax and law structure,<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEZ67lJHRkZzXNJaklBqEEXkzuQgK7Uss_c7b2x3f_qyjQI_1atxPVDpCOkd69BSN9OV9vn91htqm5XDgdKCvS3d1CrMaTKLDuSA8BnmbfaVSJi070iy6Ni8v_7fR9XtJw69qIfC08ILU/s480/IMG-20200812-WA0003.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="416" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEZ67lJHRkZzXNJaklBqEEXkzuQgK7Uss_c7b2x3f_qyjQI_1atxPVDpCOkd69BSN9OV9vn91htqm5XDgdKCvS3d1CrMaTKLDuSA8BnmbfaVSJi070iy6Ni8v_7fR9XtJw69qIfC08ILU/w173-h200/IMG-20200812-WA0003.jpg" title="History of Canada, canada history facts, history of canada, history of canada and usa, u.s.-canada relations, is canada part of the united states of america, canada president, canada president age," width="173" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">History of Canada</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> they will maintain thetrades and business with the Canadian Province and alsoshare the same currency. Recent History (Post 1982) By 1982, British Government’slast remaining powers over the Canadian Constitution wereceased by passing a resolution requesting that the British enact apackage of constitutional amendments and would create an entirely Canadianprocess for constitutional amendments. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/History-of-Germany%20.html" target="_blank">History of Germany</a></b> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">...........................<a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><b>Life</b> <b>History</b></a>....................... </div>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-17462950085031430312020-08-12T04:48:00.016-07:002020-08-20T12:20:34.538-07:00 Colonel Sanders Life Story <p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b> <span><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Colonel Sanders</span></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7gM2lox-qPVUEX4fSPmzHZnO8NN4CGybtfFBywM_yhYePwnr4kfuuAB7Chyayub3Mr9bGrmx8M2-6LJbvFeQrIRkF1EA4sr5Vwo3FUr-7uSai363lN5bvZdDXXP4ztHqychdlkW2el7k/s400/poster-1049571_1280+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="kfc founder life story : Colonel Sanders" border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="400" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7gM2lox-qPVUEX4fSPmzHZnO8NN4CGybtfFBywM_yhYePwnr4kfuuAB7Chyayub3Mr9bGrmx8M2-6LJbvFeQrIRkF1EA4sr5Vwo3FUr-7uSai363lN5bvZdDXXP4ztHqychdlkW2el7k/w400-h224/poster-1049571_1280+%25281%2529.jpg" title="kfc founder life story : Colonel Sanders,colonel sanders life story, kfc owner life story, kfc founder age, kfc owner life story, kfc founder life story" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p dir="ltr"><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Full name</b> - Colonel Harland David Sanders</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">
barn</b> - 9 September 1890 - Henry villa - indiana (us) </p><p dir="ltr">
<b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Dead</b> –16 December 1980 - Louisville (us) </p><p dir="ltr">
Age - 90 years </p><p dir="ltr"><br /><span><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">
Education</b><span style="background-color: white;"> - La Salle Extension University</span></span></p><p dir="ltr"><u><br /></u><span><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">
Occupation</b><span style="background-color: white;"> - Businessman </span></span></p><p dir="ltr"><br /><span><b style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">
Spouse</b><span style="background-color: white;"> - Josephine King </span></span></p><p dir="ltr"><span><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Colonel Sanders Life Story</span></h2><div><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Colonel Sanders life story</b> is probably the most recognizableicon in fast food <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">history</a></b>. However, most people don't know too much aboutthe man himself. Much of what you may have heard is littlemore than myth, but forget the fiction: This is the tragic kfc founder real- life story of Colonel Harland Sanders-(kfc founder) Colonel Harland Sanders might be famous today,but he came from humble beginnings. He was born in 1890 on a little farm in Henryville,Indian, and sadly, his father died when he was just five years old. His mother was forced to take work where shecould while Sanders stayed home to care for his siblings, a responsibility that led himto begin cooking. Colonel Sanders eventually dropped out of the sixthgrade, later claiming that algebra's what drove him off. Over the next 28 years, he held a varietyof different jobs, including a brief stint in the United States Army. He also worked as a streetcar conductor, arailroad fireman, an insurance salesman, a secretary, a tire salesman, a ferry operator,a lawyer, and even a midwife. In 1908, he married Josephine King, a womanwith whom he had three children: Margaret, Harland Jr., and Mildred. They divorced in 1947 after suffering oneof the greatest tragedies a parent could face: their son died at the age of 20 of complicationsafter a tonsillectomy. In 1949, he married Claudia Leddington, whohe would remain with until his death in 1980. Eventually, (kfc founder)-Colonel Sanders found himself runninga gas station in Corbin, Kentucky where he began to cook and sell meals for weary travelerswho stopped at the station. His food, which included pan-fried chicken,garnered him something of a reputation in the region. A few years later, he took out the gas pumpsand set up his first restaurant.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcJuU4FR_DQcA8FjJOl94LavzkRprJdSctH7msQJPhrVH2cQ5E_c6HhAlAJwn-Sua_sDBF7R8y3pY96iWhZC0QxRdCggOJ1v03S82spcq5ZWWAiSY88AuExzh7F3vb_kdCJTOMNgAyEmo/s200/IMG-20200620-WA0047.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="kfc founder life story : Colonel Sanders,colonel sanders life story, kfc owner life story, kfc founder age, kfc owner life story, kfc founder life story" border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcJuU4FR_DQcA8FjJOl94LavzkRprJdSctH7msQJPhrVH2cQ5E_c6HhAlAJwn-Sua_sDBF7R8y3pY96iWhZC0QxRdCggOJ1v03S82spcq5ZWWAiSY88AuExzh7F3vb_kdCJTOMNgAyEmo/w200-h200/IMG-20200620-WA0047.jpg" title="kfc founder life story : Colonel Sanders,colonel sanders life story, kfc owner life story, kfc founder age, kfc owner life story, kfc founder life story" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> It was at that location, which is now a museumand tourist attraction, that (kfc founder)-Colonel Sanders had begun to perfect the recipe for chicken, which isstill a secret closely guarded by KFC. The restaurant prospered, until the '50s,that is. When the highway junction situated in frontof his restaurant was moved, his booming business suddenly struggled. Now miles from the highway, he auctioned offthe site. With no income, he was forced to scrape byon his savings, the proceeds of the auction, and his Social Security check of $105 permonth. It was time for a new business tactic. (Kfc founder)-Colonel Sanders began travelling across the United States, visiting potential franchisee restaurants and offering them his chicken recipe in returnfor 4 cents on every chicken sold. It wasn't an easy life. It was a slow, expensive, and humiliatingway to pursue business partners, especially considering he spent that time living outof his car and eating meals begged from friends. But it worked: By 1964, he had franchisedover 600 outlets and built a company worth millions. (Kfc founder)-Colonel Sanders had built a thriving company and naturally,it attracted predators. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp7hPafvBrafwZkKBcfQ1lGC6DnR9CjdT8fT4EzdokGusBjHcfrZ0Jscu6p9UUbH4u-sMChslNsXphlpqo9oA1RtCyvLsnRE-wXqJmACzmHMnPCo9PYOjRjgmhoDH9mZRq84N3SrSYePs/s200/IMG-20200620-WA0046.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="kfc founder life story : Colonel Sanders,colonel sanders life story, kfc owner life story, kfc founder age, kfc owner life story, kfc founder life story" border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp7hPafvBrafwZkKBcfQ1lGC6DnR9CjdT8fT4EzdokGusBjHcfrZ0Jscu6p9UUbH4u-sMChslNsXphlpqo9oA1RtCyvLsnRE-wXqJmACzmHMnPCo9PYOjRjgmhoDH9mZRq84N3SrSYePs/w200-h200/IMG-20200620-WA0046.jpg" title="kfc founder life story : Colonel Sanders,colonel sanders life story, kfc owner life story, kfc founder age, kfc owner life story, kfc founder life story" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Colonel Sanders life story</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">John Y. Brown, Jr., was a 29-year old lawyer from Kentucky who set out to convince Sanders to sell his company. The Colonel, at first, firmly declined the offer. But then, Brown swore to never tamper withhis recipe and insist on the highest degree of quality control for the franchise. Sanders, who considered KFC to be his ownchild, remained hesitant. He, Brown, and another potential partner toured the country, consulting family members and business associates. In 1964, he gave in to their offer of $2 million. To get it, though, he had sacrificed the mostimportant thing in his life, and no indication exists that he was ever truly happy with the deal. (Kfc founder)-Colonel Sanders' role in the ever-growing companywasn't over, at least, not immediately. Brown believed Sanders' face to be KFC's greatestasset and instigated a serious publicity campaign to up his nation-wide presence. But in 1971, Brown sold the company, and (kfc founde)-Colonel Sanders became discontented with the direction KFC was taking. Eventually, (kfc founder)-Colonel Sanders chose to open a new restaurantwhich he named Colonel Sanders' Dinner House, but ended up in a bitter lawsuit with KFC over the copyright of his own name. They settled in 1975 and the terms have notbeen disclosed. He got in trouble with the company again in1978, when he gave a news paper interview where he said that the gravy now tasted like "wallpaper paste" and the new chicken recipe was horrible. The franchise where he gave the interviewtried to sue him for libel, but since he was talking about the whole company and not justone location, the judge threw it out. Despite his troubled relationship with KFC founder ,Colonel Sanders continued to work for the company for the rest of his life. He continued to tour the country on KFC founder 'sbehalf and, for the last two decades of his life, was never seen in public wearing anything but his iconic white suit. In his later years, he also found religionand donated much of his wealth to charities, such as the Salvation Army. On December 16th 1980, Colonel Sanders died of leukemiaat the age of 90. His body was ordered to lay in state at theKentucky State Capitol, before he was buried in Louisville, Kentucky. In the wake of Colonel Sanders' death, kfc while or tunesexploded. It became one of the US's leading fast food brands, but that success came at the cost of the destruction of the Sanders Colonel image. kfc founder became little more than a marketingtool, and Colonel Sanders' family now has nothing to do with the company whatsoever. It's hard not to wonder what the Colonel sanders would make of the company today the Colonel Sanders life story Colonel Sanders end story. Bye </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8sradXx0MJg" width="480"></iframe> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></b></p>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-47255832092807489562020-08-10T07:25:00.009-07:002020-08-13T09:42:11.976-07:00 Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1<p style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"> <span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: 700;">Adolf Hitler</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKzyKYBfw7fR-EWoPe5o-cxtjW8WAiqj07N24juyVQWpvCaNhjZYS98-dRlh4PFzumX10sfVklX7JQmTmiHYgGH8Jo9TghRnU8I_ch6XvAYgPq43Fuq9opbtSYU1qrE-YdljnOuo9580/s270/Adolf-hitler-death-200.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKzyKYBfw7fR-EWoPe5o-cxtjW8WAiqj07N24juyVQWpvCaNhjZYS98-dRlh4PFzumX10sfVklX7JQmTmiHYgGH8Jo9TghRnU8I_ch6XvAYgPq43Fuq9opbtSYU1qrE-YdljnOuo9580/d/Adolf-hitler-death-200.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" /></a></div><p></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Born</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">20 April 1889 - Hungary (Austria)</span></h2><h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Dead</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">30 April 1945 - Berlin, Nazi, </span><span><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/History-of-Germany%20.html" target="_blank">Germany</a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Age</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">56 year</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Citizenship</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Austrian -1889 – 1925 Stateless -1925 –1932 </span><span><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/History-of-Germany%20.html" target="_blank">German</a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> -1932–1945</span><br /><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">
Political party</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Nazi Party - 1921–1945</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Adolf Hitler Death</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Suicide by gunshot</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Parents</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl</span><br /><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">
Spouse</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Eva Braun</span> </p></h2><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Adolf Hitler Death : <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/search/label/History?&max-results=7" target="_blank">History</a> : part 1</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;">On May 1, 1945, the battle for Berlin had been raging for two weeks. The capital of theThird Reich lay in ruins. While the Nazi leadership still refusedto sign an unconditional surrender, Soviet troops continued to fighttheir way towards the Fuehrer bunker in a house-to-housebattle. Their ultimate goal was to capturethe leader of the Third Reich.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death :</b> was the symbol of the war and off ascism, a trophy that every body wanted. But where was Hitler? Soviet soldiers found 6 children's corpsesin the garden of the Reich Chancellery, 2 charred bodies, as wellas skull fragments and teeth. And what did these two youngwomen have to do with the search? One was Elena Rzhevskaya,a Red Army interpreter, the other a German, Käthe Heusermann,the assistant to Hitler's dentist. Both played a decisive role inthe identification of Hitler’s remains. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>The witness states: I clearly recognise thegold teeth and the dentures I was shown. Stalin was immediately informedabout the remains and their identification. He now knew that adolf hitler was dead. Yet: 7 weeks later, at the PotsdamConference, Stalin told his Western allies that the dictator was in good health and had probably defected. Why didn't Stalintell his Allies? Probably because keepingit a secret could prove useful. The story of <b>adolf hitler death</b> showshow suspicious Stalin was of the West. Stalin's lie about <span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;">adolf hitler</span> was upheld for almost 50 years. All proof of Hitler was kept underwraps until the Soviet Union became history. Only then wasthe truth finally told. Nothing can be hidden. Every thing comes out in the end. For the Soviet Union, WW II began in June1941 after a surprise invasion by adolf hitler . Within a few months, theenemy was outside Moscow.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtb-IggCGIFQuBiW8gNzR3f2XmlSsdxXCxMsohoAW6nEgf5KLUSTECMVBDUYq2UEgVeU3JcUX0objfQJoQBZzBrAFw0QHI35Ge57MR5MdXE8CERbcIUatIXyU6AFdsYRFDHD-zaWjV0dU/s400/Adolf-hitler-death-11.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="400" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtb-IggCGIFQuBiW8gNzR3f2XmlSsdxXCxMsohoAW6nEgf5KLUSTECMVBDUYq2UEgVeU3JcUX0objfQJoQBZzBrAFw0QHI35Ge57MR5MdXE8CERbcIUatIXyU6AFdsYRFDHD-zaWjV0dU/w320-h229/Adolf-hitler-death-11.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b><b>adolf hitler death</b></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">Stalin ordered the massmobilisation of the population. The poorly equipped regimentsthat marched across the Red Square were sent directlyto the front. Elena was just 22 and themother of a 2-year-old son. But the Red Army needed interpretersand Elena, who spoke German, volunteered. 4 years later, she was partof the Soviet unit in Berlin that was trying to trackdown Nazi leaders. Nobody knew where Hitler was. Therewere rumours of him lying dead or dying, a victim of a brain haemorrhage.Or that he had taken his own life. But according to Soviet radio, Hitler wasalive and well and in hiding in the Alps.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>It was said that a double was fightingin his place on the streets of Berlin, and Nazi propaganda wasonly waiting for his death to present the Allieswith appropriate photos. Another rumour claimed that Hitlerwas hiding in the ruins of the Reichstag. Capturing the Reichstagwas a historical moment. The red flag above the parliament buildingsymbolized victory over the Third Reich. It was our unit that ledthe attack on the Reichstag. We were lucky, it wasa great honour for us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>They stormed the Reichstagthinking Hitler was hiding there. But really, nobodyknew where he was. But Hitler wasn't in the Reichstag.It had burned down in 1933. The Red Army front line headed to theChancellery, the former heart of Nazi power. It was exciting to imagine Hitler could still be there. We were on edge. But where was Hitler?Was he alive or dead? German radio announcedthe death of the Führer, who “fell in his heroicbattle against Bolshevism". Shortly afterwards, German Chief of Staff,Hans Krebs, went to Soviet Headquarters. He wanted to begin surrender negotiationsand told Marshall Georgy Zhukov aboutHitler's death. So while bitter fightingcontinued on the streets of Berlin, the small Soviet advance unit with Elena,the interpreter, reached the Chancellery.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEnJxm4u3dD11xJe6yUV111jQuxSvAVYWn6dyoAaOiZ1nMacIVbN1Hb4NkP0VN_YvIcUYM_IO-pejXxFczSzmWxADXauCq5PM3L47PBF9oWmSSy0zm6m5XgVpLQWH3bpAMckRqydFBGWc/s400/Adolf-hitler-death-9+.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="400" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEnJxm4u3dD11xJe6yUV111jQuxSvAVYWn6dyoAaOiZ1nMacIVbN1Hb4NkP0VN_YvIcUYM_IO-pejXxFczSzmWxADXauCq5PM3L47PBF9oWmSSy0zm6m5XgVpLQWH3bpAMckRqydFBGWc/w320-h235/Adolf-hitler-death-9+.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">adolf hitler death</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>Close by was the bunker where Hitler hadpossibly been hiding for several months. They found a chaotic scene: the ground ploughedby shells, and corpses lying everywhere. They quickly recognisedone body: Joseph Goebbels. Then those of his wifeMagda and their 6 children. Hitler's body hadn't yetbeen found, but the next day, the news of his death madethe headlines worldwide. Except in theSoviet Union: Pravda, the official Communist Partynewspaper, and voice of the Kremlin, wrote that the claim Hitler was deadwas a ruse to enable him to escape.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>Similarly, in Paris, L’Humanitéquestioned the report. Meanwhile, in thegrounds of the Chancellery, the search for Hitler’s body continuedamong the rubble and corpses. One of them closely resembled the dictator,especially because of the typical moustache. Excitement and restlessnessspread. Experts were called in. But despite the resemblance and thebeard, it was clear that it was not Hitler. Nevertheless: the legendof a double was born. All Soviet troops marching into Berlinwere ordered to keep an eye out for Hitler. But the real search was done insecret and carried out by only 3 people: Major Gorbushin, Major Bystrovand their interpreter Elena. She was needed to help question German soldiers and off icers. The two officers were part of SMERSH, the Soviet military intelligence during WW II. On May 4, I spoke to thebunker's heating engineer. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>He had installed the ventilationsystem in the rooms Hitler lived in. He saw the bodies of Hitler and EvaBraun being taken out of the bunker. After questioning the first German prisoners, investigators were convinced that Hitlerhad held out in the bunker until the end. And that he had taken his own life shortly before the first Soviet troops arrived. It was also known that on the afternoon of April 30, the day of his supposed suicide, all the gasoline kept in the Chancellery for emergencies had been used up. Had Hitler disappeared without a trace?Or had he ordered his body to be burned? Could his remains still befound? And if so, where? The bodies of Hitler and Eva Braunwere discovered completely by chance. In the garden of the Chancellery, a soldiersaw the tip of a boot in good condition sticking out of ahole in the ground. He decided to take it andfound two dead bodies. They didn't know if it was really Hitler.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgApAQThhXrMZKd5uFO2RMlGUvav9zLx51havr2VaQd-5pfZy2bGGrdQ81eCtXYrXVnxwrYd-FcOihpF8WFZrHMVjDMCuNG24BIKNZ9uWl4YcwZFK-Zo_0g4PMwrZ-UWzAKUDGmjyGmGEo/s372/Adolf-hitler-death-13.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="372" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgApAQThhXrMZKd5uFO2RMlGUvav9zLx51havr2VaQd-5pfZy2bGGrdQ81eCtXYrXVnxwrYd-FcOihpF8WFZrHMVjDMCuNG24BIKNZ9uWl4YcwZFK-Zo_0g4PMwrZ-UWzAKUDGmjyGmGEo/w320-h258/Adolf-hitler-death-13.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">adolf hitler death</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>They were able to identify Goebbels because less petrol hadbeen used to burn his corpse. But these remainswere burnt to a cinder. The corpses of the Goebbels family, severalofficers and the still unidentified remains. SMERSH now had to identify around adozen bodies, charred to varying degrees. Vice admiral Hans-Erich Voss confessed he wasamong the last to see Goebbels and Hitler alive. Identifying Goebbels wasn't a problem,but was this really the corpse of Hitler? The autopsyproved inconclusive. The doctors could not- unlike with Goebbels - say with absolute certainty whether theremains were really those of the dictator. The last hopewere his teeth. The upper jaw was well preserved. Thelower jaw,too. He still had fifteen teeth. On May 8, my superior officer, MajorGorbushin, told me to go and see him. He gave me a burgundycolored box and said: "These are Hitler's teeth.You're responsible for them.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>On May 8th, the guns fell silent as theunconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht came into effect - people celebrated the endof a war that claimed millions of victims. But Elena stayed awayfrom the victory celebrations. Instead, she carefully guardeda box lined with red satin. It probably containedHitler's final remains. In Berlin-Karlshorst,representatives of the Allies and German Field Marshal GeneralWilhelm Keitel met at Soviet headquarters. Overseen by Marshal Zhukov, they signed thesurrender document of the German Wehrmacht on the nightof May 9th. The war in Europewas now officially over. The next morning, Elena and the two officersset off to track down Hitler's dentist. Maybe he could say for certainif these were Hitler’s teeth. But they knew neither thedentist’s name nor his address. Or even if hewas still alive. Finally they found out his name and thathe had left the city two weeks earlier. But they also learned that hisassistant had stayed in Berlin, hoping for her soldierhusband to return from the front. A few hours later, Elenamet Käthe Heusermann. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>A young,cheerful woman, who for almost ten years, had assistedat every one of Hitler's dentist visits. So the Führer's teethheld no secrets for her. She becamethe main witness. The teeth meant nothing if you couldnot find the person to identify them. Questioning ofKäthe Heusermann. The witness states: I clearly recognise thegold teeth and the dentures I was shown. They belong to Chancellor Hitler. The witnessmakes the same statement for Eva Braun. This testimony is very important. Now it isproven that the teeth truly belong to Hitler. We asked her to sketch Hitler's teeth,without showing her the teeth we had found. Käthe hadn't forgotten aboutHitler's terrible dental health. Her sketch corresponded exactly to the jawfound by the Soviets. It removed all doubt. The burnt corpse found in a hole inthe Chancellery garden was Hitler’s.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLKp6GBAC2NfgC1mR4SM2m1s9_dc1tAJHI3mgr3a3GneyCmS40L05k_YM9_4NMNNadbaWC88UAk-7G9HbkUiV5O6KAmYAeELg1ebdKySrI00qhmfBIkXqn20p0krJNVUVjLOkmWaXcCO0/s394/Adolf-hitler-death-14.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="394" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLKp6GBAC2NfgC1mR4SM2m1s9_dc1tAJHI3mgr3a3GneyCmS40L05k_YM9_4NMNNadbaWC88UAk-7G9HbkUiV5O6KAmYAeELg1ebdKySrI00qhmfBIkXqn20p0krJNVUVjLOkmWaXcCO0/w320-h244/Adolf-hitler-death-14.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">adolf hitler death</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>So Hitler was dead. But howwould Stalin handle this information. For the Soviet leadership inBerlin, it was clear Hitler was dead. And Stalin wasinformed immediately. To not give Stalin an accurate reporton the subject was out of the question. Hitler was a symbol ofhuge political importance, like the taking of the Reichstagand the conquest of Berlin. Stalin hardly emerged from theKremlin, but he had informers everywhere. Every day, new documents about Hitler'sdeath and the identification arrived. They were preciseand definite. After Käthe Heusermann's testimony, it wasclear Hitler was dead and Stalin knew it. However, a few days later, a Soviet generalarrived in Berlin to verify the facts. The general started questioning people again,for the 1st time, Elena, the interpreter, was warned she would be held responsiblein the case of a translation error. Everybody was given strictinstructions and intimidated. The general sent the trio tofind Käthe Heusermann again. She was told to pack for a week-longabsence. Then they took her with them.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>Official report of the secondquestioning of Käthe Heusermann. It says it started at 01:15 and ended at06:00. The questions were always the same. They made her repeat whatshe knew about Hitler's teeth and after she'd said everything,they asked the same question: "so do you still say that the teeth anddentures shown to you belong to Hitler?" She said "Yes, Ican confirm that." The document is only five pages long butwe know the interview lasted five hours, so we can imagine how many timesthey forced her to give the same answers. The mysterious generaldidn't sign any official reports. After the second questioning,which confirmed the first, he left as suddenlyas he had arrived. The investigators werecertain Hitler was dead, thanks to the formal identificationof his teeth by Käthe Heusermann.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>But this information remained top secretand the Soviet high command in Berlin officially continued thesearch for Hitler, dead or alive. A medal was even promised to theperson who succeeded in capturing him. Although the SMERSH investigationwas undertaken in utmost secrecy, rumours were circulatingoutside the Soviet zone which made their wayinto the international media. Had the Russians found andidentified the Nazi leader's body? Everyone waited forSoviet confirmation. The Kremlinremained silent. At the end of May 1945, Harry Hopkins,an advisor to US President Harry Truman, went to Moscow for a seriesof talks with Stalin to prepare the first post-war conferencebetween the Big Three. When Hopkins asked Stalinabout Hitler’s whereabouts, Stalin replied he thought Hitlerwas alive, had successfully escaped and had maybe goneto Japan in a submarine.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-aTQJ5_AKS3yhQOvMn8SyReMqK6WMdAabzjCqLRrmp0QbI3Bxn8Wptt1X73lpaLJSVpVViSyqc2IA1u1UKaEnVuC6Ovxh0eIZZL79LQQ0g1KypZqXG-hTNpwqLUyQULEFZWwqRFwgX8/s400/Adolf-hitler-death-4+.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="400" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-aTQJ5_AKS3yhQOvMn8SyReMqK6WMdAabzjCqLRrmp0QbI3Bxn8Wptt1X73lpaLJSVpVViSyqc2IA1u1UKaEnVuC6Ovxh0eIZZL79LQQ0g1KypZqXG-hTNpwqLUyQULEFZWwqRFwgX8/w320-h212/Adolf-hitler-death-4+.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">adolf hitler death</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> <b>adolf hitler death : </b>It was the first official lie aboutHitler's death, told by Stalin himself. 10 days later, Zhukov organised apress conference for foreign journalists. They expected confirmation of the discoveryand identification of Hitler's remains. But to their surprise, Zhukov announced theopposite...that Hitler had not been found, he was certainly alive, and had managedto flee , perhaps to Spain or Argentina. Zhukov's claim can only be explainedas follows. He obeyed Stalin's orders. As he hadn't received orders to saythe bodies had been identified, he lied. Why didn’t Stalintell the Allies? The answer is not simpleand has psychological reasons. Knowing something the othersdon't know is always advantageous. Keeping a secretcan always be useful.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>The story of <b>adolf hitler death :</b> show show much Stalin distrusted the West. It was important to him not to givethem too much information or evidence. Maybe one day, it would be usefulfor us to have left his allies in the dark. So the lie had been born.There was general consternation, because nobody could imaginethat just a month after the joint victory, the Soviets would lie to theirallies about such a subject. Why? And if so,what was the aim? It seemedabsurd. No, if Zhukov said Hitlerhadn't been found, it was true. In July, Stalin, Truman and Churchill metin Potsdam for their first post-war summit.<b> hitler death : </b>The talks were to determine the future ofGermany and large parts of Eastern Europe. Tensions between the Soviets andthe Western Allies were aggravated by the Soviet claims on EasternEurope and the Soviet policies in the areas occupied bythe Red Army. With so much at stake, the questionof Hitler's fate was rather secondary. A Truman advisor recalled later thatduring dinner with the US president, Stalin reaffirmed that: "Hitler is aliveand is either in Spain or Argentina." In Potsdam, the leadersalso had to decide which Nazi leaders would go on trialin a few months’ time in Nuremberg. Stalin said again:"Hitler is alive." So he should have been atthe top of the list of war criminals. But oddly, nobody requested him.Not the Americans, nor the English. Not evenStalin. Everything was kept secret incase, one day, we could use it. That is how theSoviet Union operated. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOoyOh2bqsUoVGs2KjQG4pv1c7DNOXx-iIhTwyRk1EUoBIcNeWg3jp9XFUGsSu1KnwAs3ywkJDQ6uYkh_ap_R8DIRmBh0SI-bQhhSACcueOEPYkRHkz35i27YRQKhqIE-kFvzyFXpf-cc/s400/Adolf-hitler-death-16.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="400" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOoyOh2bqsUoVGs2KjQG4pv1c7DNOXx-iIhTwyRk1EUoBIcNeWg3jp9XFUGsSu1KnwAs3ywkJDQ6uYkh_ap_R8DIRmBh0SI-bQhhSACcueOEPYkRHkz35i27YRQKhqIE-kFvzyFXpf-cc/w320-h226/Adolf-hitler-death-16.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : part 1" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">adolf hitler death</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>adolf hitler death : </b>It was all controlled by theintelligence service which observed, threatened andspread fear everywhere. Stalin's decision to withhold informationthat concerned all of the Allies was the first step by theSoviets towards the Cold War. For Elena, the time hadcome to take off her uniform and put on a nicedress and elegant shoes. She posed for some souvenirphotos and paid a last visit to Käthe, the main witness to <b>adolf hitler death</b> ,who was still being held at Soviet HQ.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There are more. never end </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/adolf-hitler-death-history-part-2.html" target="_blank"> <b>adolf hitler death part 2</b></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2QSXKDCFh7o" width="480"></iframe>
......................<a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a>........................ </b></p>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0United States37.09024 -95.712891-19.823856020321934 -166.025391 90 -25.400391tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-60726151130777386762020-08-10T07:24:00.005-07:002020-08-13T09:46:53.795-07:00 Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2<p style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-size: x-large;">adolf hitler</span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjEOxTY1RQljmP8aWBLiRfBoRiZ46vbLKcfrKyL-yFhm3s_kZ1Jgvqmh2KAcQvWvIwUfK9PcWAhI9EgvYat2S9VvYzU1f7mudPurF3w_FtKAYgEx-8aEi0VK2p-v4F8GKLxwzRVEt9Hgc/s270/Adolf-hitler-death-200.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="270" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjEOxTY1RQljmP8aWBLiRfBoRiZ46vbLKcfrKyL-yFhm3s_kZ1Jgvqmh2KAcQvWvIwUfK9PcWAhI9EgvYat2S9VvYzU1f7mudPurF3w_FtKAYgEx-8aEi0VK2p-v4F8GKLxwzRVEt9Hgc/w320-h262/Adolf-hitler-death-200.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" width="320" /></a></div><div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Born</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">20 April 1889 - Hungary (Austria)</span></h2><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Dead</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">30 April 1945 - Berlin, Nazi, </span><span><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/History-of-Germany%20.html" target="_blank">Germany</a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Age</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">56 year</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Citizenship</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Austrian -1889 – 1925 Stateless -1925 –1932 </span><span><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/History-of-Germany%20.html" target="_blank">German</a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> -1932–1945</span><br /><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Political party</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Nazi Party - 1921–1945</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Adolf Hitler Death</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Suicide by gunshot</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Parents</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl</span><br /><span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;">Spouse</span> - <span style="font-weight: normal;">Eva Braun</span> </p></h2></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Adolf Hitler Death : <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/search/label/History?&max-results=7" target="_blank">History</a> : Part 2</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">The two young ladies got on well. Andthey both shared an important secret. Their parting exchange was very friendly. Käthe said, "I will soon be free. Then we can meet up in Berlinand I'll take you to my hairdresser's". But that neverhappened. Meanwhile, the British and the Americans continued to seek the truth about Hitler’smysterious disappearance, and they still countedon Soviet cooperation. Here's a request from the British and theAmericans to Soviet leadership in Berlin. Our generals passed on the request toforeign affairs minister Vyacheslav Molotov and Stalin, askingfor instructions. </p><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;">adolf hitler death : </b>What information were they authorisedto give and should they cooperate with the British and the Americans toclarify the details of Hitler's death. Archives hold a request from intelligencechief Lavrenti Beria to Molotov to pass on theinformation to the Allies. But it seems the Kremlindecided not to allow it. The lie went around the worldand kept the press on alert. People everywherereported having seen Hitler. Nazi sympathizers seized the opportunityto spread the myth Hitler was still alive and would returnto save the Reich. One of the rumours wasparticularly annoying for the British: The Soviets accused themof helping Hitler escape; and that they were hiding him somewherein the British occupied zone to use him as a bargaining chipagainst them at the appropriate time. </p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">dolf hitler death : </b>In order to put an end to such accusations,the British commissioned a young historian, Hugh Trevor-Roper, to investigatethe question of Hitler's whereabouts. The Russians denied him their supportand any access to the Chancellery, located in theSoviet sector. But Trevor-Roper found several witnessesin British and American prison camps, who had experienced the lastmoments in the Führer's bunker. The historian was soon certain thatHitler had committed suicide on April 30. Shortly afterwards, his bodywas burned by his bodyguards. But Trevor-Roper's report was basedsolely on testimony from witnesses. What he lacked was evidence,and most importantly, the body. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtb-IggCGIFQuBiW8gNzR3f2XmlSsdxXCxMsohoAW6nEgf5KLUSTECMVBDUYq2UEgVeU3JcUX0objfQJoQBZzBrAFw0QHI35Ge57MR5MdXE8CERbcIUatIXyU6AFdsYRFDHD-zaWjV0dU/s400/Adolf-hitler-death-11.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="400" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtb-IggCGIFQuBiW8gNzR3f2XmlSsdxXCxMsohoAW6nEgf5KLUSTECMVBDUYq2UEgVeU3JcUX0objfQJoQBZzBrAFw0QHI35Ge57MR5MdXE8CERbcIUatIXyU6AFdsYRFDHD-zaWjV0dU/w320-h229/Adolf-hitler-death-11.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"> </b><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf hitler death</b></h3><p>That is why he was unable to put astop to the rumours that were becoming more andmore colourful. At that time, the FBI received thousandsof reports from all over the world about sightings of Hitler, whichwere checked and categorised. In March 1953 the news spread likewildfire around the world: Stalin was dead. The unscrupulous dictator, victor ofthe Second World War, merciless tyrant, glorified and hated ruler had died,and nobody knew what would follow the regime of terror he had maintainedfor almost 30 years in the Soviet Union. Beria had the honourable task ofdelivering the eulogy on Red Square. The head of Soviet StateIntelligence hoped to seize power. But soon afterwards he was arrested, puton trial, sentenced to death and executed. KM-long shelves contained the carefullydocumented secrets of the Stalin regime.</p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf dolf hitler death : </b>8 years a<span style="text-align: justify;">dolf hitler death</span> , the truth about his death remainedlocked away in secret archives. Only a few remaining eyewitnesses knew the details. In 1955, Elena was finally free to say andwrite that Hitler committed suicide. But nothingmore. Nothing about the investigation,the identification of his remains and even lessabout Stalin's lies. Anyway, who would believeher? Where was the proof? Among the numerous versionsof Hitler's disappearance, it was now the suicide theory that those inpower preferred. But not just any suicide. The idea that Hitler poisoned himselfwas much more interesting for propaganda than if he shothimself in the head. Suicide by shooting isseen as an act of courage, while taking poison isa sign of cowardliness. </p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf hitler death : </b>The 1st lie, told by Stalin, was that Hitlerwas alive and had succeeded in escaping. His successors opted for anotherversion, that Hitler had poisoned himself. That version was spread andrepeated until everyone had heard it. The Brezhnev era began in 1964.One year later, the Soviet leader decided to commemorate the end of the warby making Victory Day a public holiday. 20 years had passed sincethe end of the war. In 1965, Elena wrote about what had happened,what the intelligence services had done. Elena was now a respected writer. She wasobsessed by the lies about a<span style="text-align: justify;">dolf hitler death </span>. She wanted to publicize whatshe knew and dispel the myths.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcOUmA974032Om9z32mG_Dq5hN9LMFUyRtfL2S454FHJ0CNZbQSiZA-PuktQX8P4I4DCGYY-9FhXRu4vFINwFiE4ttK8paMvl-7jjut45zBPOvKk-k97U6KVJHbFQEiCQbxZo3wCIUioE/s400/Adolf-hitler-death-15.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="400" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcOUmA974032Om9z32mG_Dq5hN9LMFUyRtfL2S454FHJ0CNZbQSiZA-PuktQX8P4I4DCGYY-9FhXRu4vFINwFiE4ttK8paMvl-7jjut45zBPOvKk-k97U6KVJHbFQEiCQbxZo3wCIUioE/w320-h226/Adolf-hitler-death-15.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf hitler death : </b>But to make it credible, it needed to bebased on the proof hidden in the archives. After multiple requests, she finallygained access to some of the documents. As she was given little timeto carry out her research, Elena frantically copied allof the documents given to her. She filled fivelarge notebooks. She could not choose the documentsand didn't know what was in the archives. She had nocatalogue. She had to stay sitting in a chair, anofficial gave her one dossier after another.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf hitler death : </b>The importance and interestof the documents varied hugely. One day, she opened a dossier with a listof trophies sent from Berlin to Moscow. Hitler's coat, a papershredder found in the bunker and the names of Käthe Heusermannand several other Germans. That's how my grandmother learned Käthehad been sent to Moscow. Like an object. It was a huge shock. Elena was suddenlytransported 20 years into the past, to the SMERSHinterrogation room in Berlin. She remembered KätheHeusermann, Hitler's dentist's assistant, the main witness who had enabledthe identification of Hitler's remains. Elena got on well withthe cheerful young woman. Now she knew Käthehad never been released. On the morning of June 29, 1945, at 06:00,I was transported with 7 other prisoners to a Berlin airfield and puton a cargo plane to Moscow. On arrival, we were immediatelytaken in a police van to Lubyanka prison and put in solitaryconfinement. </p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b>Adolf hitler death : </b>ma</span>y cell was very small, just 7 steps longand water ran down the black-painted walls. She didn't know how long they wouldkeep her there. Or what she was accused of. She did understandwhy she was in prison. I spent six years insolitary confinement. In August 1951, they charged me withhelping a bourgeois state prolong the war by participating in Hitler's dental healthcare. They said I should've killed him, by breakinga bottle over his head during teatment. That way I wouldhave saved the world. After 6 years in asecret KGB prison, there followed an absurd indictmentand a sentence with no trial. A month earlier, Stalin’sprotegé Viktor Abakumov, the former head of SMERSHand minister for state security, had fallen into disgrace andwas dismissed from office. In 1951, whenAbakumov was arrested, it was discovered that a number ofGermans who witnessed Hitler's death, were being held withouta warrant for their arrest. So a list was drawn up and sentto Stalin for further instructions. He decided theywere to be sentenced. Everyone on the list was given a longsentence for imaginary political crimes. That way, nobody couldspeak about what they had seen. I was sentenced to 10 years ina forced labour camp in Siberia, with the 6.5 years solitaryalready served taken into account. I signed. I was happy to go to a camp with fellowsufferers and escape my stone tomb in Moscow. In December 1951, Käthe left Moscow for Siberia in a cattle wagon. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA4qCfGi6YGckqBod4vp3p6a_8NwMlMEJ7-ocKTTjPBmpyQ9NvRHb5tkY50FALCDMftbnD9dj0S4rfk7ddcj4ODLmiAe6OPAmj9L3fgNRkw4PtIMCq9-XXYq19-NoOqp8rUn1U0hZZjn4/s310/Adolf-hitler-death-8+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="310" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA4qCfGi6YGckqBod4vp3p6a_8NwMlMEJ7-ocKTTjPBmpyQ9NvRHb5tkY50FALCDMftbnD9dj0S4rfk7ddcj4ODLmiAe6OPAmj9L3fgNRkw4PtIMCq9-XXYq19-NoOqp8rUn1U0hZZjn4/w320-h310/Adolf-hitler-death-8+.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf hitler death : </b>She was given her littlesuitcase of summer dresses, packed in Berlin 6.5 years previouswhen she thought she'd be away for a week. The journey lasted 14 days and Kätherecalled that when one of the prisoners died, the guards threw thebody out into the snow. She wrote that she had to doan extreme amount of labour. I couldn't keep up. At thetime I weighed under 40 kilos. Because I did not workenough, my food ration was cut. No breakfast, no food inthe evening, just at midday. If a fellow prisoner hadn’t helped me, Iwould have certainly starved to death. Käthe Heusermann was sentenced becauseshe could testify that Hitler was dead. She was imprisoned in the SovietUnion so that nobody would find out those in power hadfalsified historical facts. She suffered becauseof her services to history.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf hitler death : </b>First a secret prisoner, thensentenced for a made- up crime, Käthe was first released after ten yearsin 1955. Her situation changed completely. We arrived in Moscow on June 1stand they took us around the city by bus. They showed us theKremlin, the university, and the underground stations whichwere each individually decorated, with mosaics,paintings and marble. Käthe returned to Germany inan express train with sleeping cars, white curtainsand lampshades. In the Soviet Union, tourists had to spendall their rubles before leaving the country. The men often invested their littlemoney in Crimean champagne or vodka from the dining carand gave the rest as tips. For eight years, Käthe's family knewnothing of what had become of her. Until a recently released prisoner said thatshe was alive and in a prison camp in Siberia. Käthe’s husband, whohad returned from the front, had had her declareddead and remarried.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Ip6fdQN5mlYRZHW8AdIpeCkxg2r34WrnCURz2LMSVJwGUSX0Yz5BHLNt88o1qGWXFFlwK6wZJBORxixiCIoAOmpZHSdvyVz7SQ3i-wE4Z8gf8V_U-uVRnZFqJKvl-wP7bdpgPlJag78/s400/Adolf-hitler-death-3+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="400" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Ip6fdQN5mlYRZHW8AdIpeCkxg2r34WrnCURz2LMSVJwGUSX0Yz5BHLNt88o1qGWXFFlwK6wZJBORxixiCIoAOmpZHSdvyVz7SQ3i-wE4Z8gf8V_U-uVRnZFqJKvl-wP7bdpgPlJag78/w320-h235/Adolf-hitler-death-3+.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf hitler death : </b>But she immediatelyadapted to her new existence. Surprisingly she said that chapter of mylife is over. Now I'm starting a new life. I am not a woman with an absenthusband, am I? I have no idea who I am. What are you when you have been declareddead? Dead? I don't know what to call that. That ishow it was. 20 years after the end of WW II, Elena'sbook was finally published in Moscow. But first it had topass two censors. The first was the normal one that everybook in the Soviet Union was subject to. The second check wascarried out by the KGB. It forbade her from saying shehad access to their secret archives. So from an historical point of viewthe work was basically worthless. The author was not allowed to base herwriting on findings or concrete sources. She was also banned from mentioningofficial lies or divulging state secrets. She would have to waitanother 25 years to do that. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOoyOh2bqsUoVGs2KjQG4pv1c7DNOXx-iIhTwyRk1EUoBIcNeWg3jp9XFUGsSu1KnwAs3ywkJDQ6uYkh_ap_R8DIRmBh0SI-bQhhSACcueOEPYkRHkz35i27YRQKhqIE-kFvzyFXpf-cc/s400/Adolf-hitler-death-16.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="400" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOoyOh2bqsUoVGs2KjQG4pv1c7DNOXx-iIhTwyRk1EUoBIcNeWg3jp9XFUGsSu1KnwAs3ywkJDQ6uYkh_ap_R8DIRmBh0SI-bQhhSACcueOEPYkRHkz35i27YRQKhqIE-kFvzyFXpf-cc/w320-h226/Adolf-hitler-death-16.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf hitler death : </b>In 1991, the SovietUnion collapsed. Outside the Lubyankabuilding, the KGB headquarters, the statue of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the founderof the KGB’s predecessor was removed. Was it now finally possibleto tell the whole story? When I became director ofthe State Archives in 1992, there was a kind ofhandover of power. My predecessor handed me a boxthat contained parts of Hitler's skull and documents on theinvestigation into his death. It was only after thefall of the Soviet Union that we could launch what isknown as: The Archive Revolution. Millions of documents were declassifiedso that researchers could access them. The findings, material evidenceas well as parts of Hitler's skull had been kept in the state archives,while the archives of the KGB, now the FSB, had kept part of the witness reports,including that of Käthe Heusermann, as well as the main proof,Hitler's teeth under lock and key. But where were the bodies? Thecharred remains of Hitler and Eva Braun? The remains were handed over tothe Chief of Staff of the third army, stationed inEast Germany. Every time the army wasre-located they took them with them. They had to dig them up and burythem in a new secret hiding place. In 1970, the then KGB chief YuriAndropov advised Leonid Brezhnev to get rid of the charred remains thathad followed the third army for 25 years. The secret document about thedestruction of the Nazi leaders' remains was discovered in the archivesin 1992 and the case was closed. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnFQv348Y-m1VRc5k2mKZ5OukxKPLO2XZHvMaCaojzSYnTSMvI1PNCQJVg9qBYb4bomsIgXn-84qrQr1MgarasZQ3Sjj7NyFaytAUaMYOqTBSclBViU9Gxt3x-kYAe4hsqB1U18GaydEM/s400/Adolf-hitler-death-2+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="400" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnFQv348Y-m1VRc5k2mKZ5OukxKPLO2XZHvMaCaojzSYnTSMvI1PNCQJVg9qBYb4bomsIgXn-84qrQr1MgarasZQ3Sjj7NyFaytAUaMYOqTBSclBViU9Gxt3x-kYAe4hsqB1U18GaydEM/w320-h222/Adolf-hitler-death-2+.jpg" title="Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 2" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;">Adolf hitler death : </b>47 years later, all the evidenceof Hitler's gunshot suicide in his bunker on April 30,1945, was finally made public. Nothing remains secret. Everything comesout in the end. History teaches us that. Even the best- keptsecret comes out in the end. The governments that followed never felt itnecessary to explain themselves. In the 90s, Russianleaders said: OK, there were secrets, but itwas the work of the Soviet Union. They should have issued a general verdicton the Soviet era and the Soviet regime as an instrument of power basedon violence that violated its own laws. But that judgement of the pastand Soviet crimes never happened. </p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/adolf-hitler-death-history-part-1.html" target="_blank">Adolf Hitler Death : History : Part 1</a></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2QSXKDCFh7o" width="480"></iframe> </b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b> <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></b>.......................</p>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0United States37.09024 -95.7128918.780006163821156 -130.869141 65.400473836178847 -60.556641tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-42305378448182325812020-08-04T11:37:00.006-07:002020-08-13T09:54:08.074-07:00History of football<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVyt0EhMojemhSp54eCvfc-IHHsyntd7BhihtKJ6KndEVX5GpERwpF4z1jkOvQtbDZY5EWD6QdJJQeNLvzy9I-HMbRuJfRYOOE2lE_aZWYG4gCwn0jEa6EHpBj1MONhOzTxpWBbKR7CMg/s400/rush-2468200__480+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="History of football" border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVyt0EhMojemhSp54eCvfc-IHHsyntd7BhihtKJ6KndEVX5GpERwpF4z1jkOvQtbDZY5EWD6QdJJQeNLvzy9I-HMbRuJfRYOOE2lE_aZWYG4gCwn0jEa6EHpBj1MONhOzTxpWBbKR7CMg/w320-h200/rush-2468200__480+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of football" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>History of football</b></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><b style="text-align: center;">History of football .</b>It might sound surprising, but football has a long an fascinating history, according to sources it has been found thatthe sport was first introduced in 1170 in an account which describes a group of youngsters going to play the ‘game of ball’. Traits of the game can be tracked backto China in second and third century BC. Records taken from themilitary books describe the Chinese playing a gamewhich was an exercise known as Tsu’Chu wherethe players used a ball made of leather stuffedwith hair and feathers. The main aim of the game was to putthe ball into the net fixed on bamboo sticks and at the same timedefend the mselves from attacks. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Variants of the game were also found indocumentations of Greek and Egyptian society which proves that the game hasbeen played through the ancient history. The English used an animal bladderfor the ball which was inflated. People were getting infatuated with thegame and in 1300’s Edward II had to impose ban on playing the game as people stoppedpractising archery and played football; archery was important for war. Edward II was not theonly one to ban the game; Edward III, Oliver Cromwell and Henry IV also followed his footsteps and banned football.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9zLnMD2Nf1Na-TCM5_6DOKBL23ChBHcRk3gRAmsqg6VctjYz8f8NNI0vbqH4bfzPT1KWku-_jBJAM7BbpnDTZ3JFnj5pKKEuJP-V6jQdyGwz_hIsttRuNJXZx48z25a8k6LRPY1x4qo/s400/Football-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of football" border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9zLnMD2Nf1Na-TCM5_6DOKBL23ChBHcRk3gRAmsqg6VctjYz8f8NNI0vbqH4bfzPT1KWku-_jBJAM7BbpnDTZ3JFnj5pKKEuJP-V6jQdyGwz_hIsttRuNJXZx48z25a8k6LRPY1x4qo/w320-h213/Football-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of football" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Henry </span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> The game was not lost andre-emerged and continued to grow in acceptance, principallyamid the waged classes, playing football was achance for them to socialize with people who belongedto the same class. Since there were no referees or anyrules the players often got into fights and took is personally most of the timesand carried their grudges outside the field and destroyed each other’shomes, property and business. One of the causes was toomany players in a field; it often reached to 1000. The problem rose so much that in1830 highway act was passed, which stated that anyone playing footballon the highways would be fined. Addiction to football roseabove the divisions of society and in the 18th centurybecame famous at schools. This became the background for creationof certain set of rules for the game. A meeting of 1848 at Cambridgefinalized the rules delineating throw ins, goal kicks and goalies rightswhich are still in use today. These were stepping stonesto the rise of football club teams and bigger nationaland international events. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt0Js4qGzDIF00a9l8vjzUJUSwEqJKgwm2oefYdoxDnWAHTuiXNdnxvFJMdLjGfD-IRwp7ki9IKbwl2ZngqR7pm0M7U1T3Sv-F2SP-LHRdj774kCQgif5LFoMYDOGJcH7W0e4EIxinX5c/s300/Football-3+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of football" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt0Js4qGzDIF00a9l8vjzUJUSwEqJKgwm2oefYdoxDnWAHTuiXNdnxvFJMdLjGfD-IRwp7ki9IKbwl2ZngqR7pm0M7U1T3Sv-F2SP-LHRdj774kCQgif5LFoMYDOGJcH7W0e4EIxinX5c/w213-h320/Football-3+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of football" width="213" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Oliver Cromwell</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The English have played animportant role in the widespread of the game, in its presentinitiation, across the globe. The first match to be held outsideEurope was in 1867, Argentina which was hosted by many Britishwho worked abroad in those days. Initially played solely bymen the women have also been playing the game fromthe end of19th century. The game became quite famous atthe time of World War I when women took over the jobs whichwere always done by men. Women who worked in industrial labouralways met together to play the game. A women’s team from Preston was the first to enter into an internationalgame against Paris. The Football Association consideredwomen’s football to be incongruous and there was a ban on the game forsome time after the <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/world-war-i-great-war-life-history.html" target="_blank">World War I</a>.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> The English Women’s FA removedthe ban in 1971, since then the game has become popular in Britain and other countries. Teams like Everton, Arsenaland Chelsea have female teams who play both for homeand international games. The game has also been associatedby disasters of 1985 and 1989 the Heysel Stadium disaster and Hillsborough disaster respectively. Football has come a long way from itsmodest beginnings many years ago. The Game The game of football involves twoteams with eleven players each; the players use all parts of their body except their hands and arms to navigate the ball intothe goal of the opposite team. They are allowed to use their hands for athrow-in only and on the field they use their feet to kick the ball, their upperpart of legs, torso and even their head. Team which scores the most number of goalsis declared the winner of the match. A match will last 90 minutesand if there is a tie the match is extended to extratime (two times 15 minutes). A penalty shoot decides the winner if thematch is still a tie after the extra time.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> The rules were set by The Football Association, England in 1863 but the rules have been modifiedseveral times since then. International Football Association Board controls the laws of Football now and half of the members of the board are FIFA representatives. FIFA is the international governingbody of football and are also responsible for organising the mostsignificant event - FIFA World Cup. The event is held after every four years and men’s national team of memberstates play for the cup. Football hardly requiresanything to play which is why it is co commonamong the kids also. You just require an open space, somethingto mark goal-posts and a ball. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The kids and teens enjoythe games on streets, school playgrounds,parks and beaches. To take it to a higher levelone needs to be trained by trainers who arecertified with ‘Nasm ces’, there are a few things whichare important besides a pair of shorts and a t-shirt, aplayer should have shin guards, football boots with studs on the out-soleand a goalkeeper needs a pair of gloves. People have bought variations inthe game for fun and enjoy it as indoor football, beach football,five-a-side football and Futsal. Early History Ancient Games The Romans and Ancient Greeks played anumber of ball games using their feet. The Roman game known as ‘harpastum’ has beenmentioned in one of the Greek playwrights, Antiphanes in 388-311 BC,the name reoccurs in the Christian theology‘ Clement of Alexandria’. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The game seemed to besimilar to rugby football. Cicero, a Roman politician describeshow a man was killed while having a shave in the barbersshop when the ball hit him. The Romans were aware of the ballsfilled with air and called them ‘follis’ The Chines were aware of such ball gamesin the second and third centuries in the rule of Han dynasty and called thegame as ‘Cuju’ or ‘Zuqiu’ or ‘Tsu’Chu’. The Japanese called it ‘kemari’ andit became famous in the Asuka period. The game was played in the Imperial court of Japan in 600 AD. Several people stood in a circle and kickeda ball without dropping it on the ground. The game disappeared somewhere in the 19th century but was revived once again in 1903 and continues to be played tilldate in important Japanese festivals. There are many accounts ofball games being played by people of the ancient times invarious parts of the world. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">For instance an explorer name John Davis played football in 1586 with his men and the Eskimos of Greenland where his ship landed. There are records of the game beingplayed by the Eskimos on ice. In 1610, a colonist of Jamestown, Virginiaby the name of William Strachey recorded an account of a game played by the nativeIndians which they called ‘Pahsaheman’. Historians described Marn Grookto be played by many tribes of Australia, they played severalgames with a stuffed ball; which they used to catch and kick. The most recent record is froma book by Robert Brough Smyth written in 1878 known as‘The Aborigines of Victoria’ where a known as Richard Thomashas witnessed the Aboriginal tribes playing ball in 1841in Victoria, Australia. The ball was made of possum skin. Ki-o-rahi was a game played by Maoripeople of New Zealand where there were seven players in a playground andthe ground was divided into zones. One could score if the ytouched the boundary markers or ‘pou’ and if you hitthe main target ‘tupu. The Mesoamericans playedwith rubber balls but these games resemble the modern volleyball or basketball. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The ‘Iroquois’ who were the North-eastern Americans also used ball to play but they used netraquets to throw and catch a ball, even though there was useof leg in the game, it was not classified underthe modern football. There are many ball games which trail farback to the ancient times but the main sources of the modern football code pointto Western Europe, specifically England. Medieval and Early Modern Europe The middle ages saw football gain much popularity in Shrovetide (ShroveTuesday which was marked by eating pancakeson this day) football matches all over Europe,especially in England. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Reference of a ball game being playedin early Britain comes from 9th century in ‘Historia Brittonum’ which explainshow some boys were playing with a ball. The French also have a few references of thegame in the 12th century and was referred to as ‘La Soule or Choule’, people usedfeet, hands and sticks to propel the ball. From 1174 to 1183 WilliamFitzStephen described how ‘mob football’ was prevalent among the people of England. This involved unlimited people of twoneighbouring towns playing in teams and who moved something which was usuallyan inflated bladder or an animal, this inflated item was usuallytaken to geographical places like the oppositeteams church etc. FitzStephen described thegame to have taken place on a Shrove Tuesday whichwas an annual festival.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> There are many references whichspeak of a ball game but none of them specify that the ball waskicked about to play the game. The Lord Mayor of City ofLondon, Nicholas de Farndone, released a ban on thegame of football in 1314. This is the first referencewhich uses the term ‘football’. King Edward III of England used asame ban in 1363, and included other games such as coursing, cock-fighting,hockey, football and handball. The use of term handball makes itclear that football was different from other games which used otherparts of the body like - handball. Football faced the same fatein Scotland as it did in England and was banned underthe Football Act 1424. King Henry the IV of England also resentedthe game and forbade the game in 1409. There are many other references frommedieval and modern eras some of them are: Football was first mentioned as aball rather than a game in 1486. Its reference can be found in ‘Book of St.Albans’ written by Dame Juliana Berner. In 1526, King Henry VII of England hadordered a pair of football boots. Philip Sidney describedwomen involved in the game in one of hispoems written in 1580. John Norden and Richard Carew in1584 and 1602 respectively refer to ‘goals’ and Carew also describedhow the goals were made. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">He was also the first to describehow goalkeepers defended their posts and about the passingof ball among the players. John Day’s play ‘TheBling Beggar of Bethnal Green’ first refersto scoring a goal. The play was performed in 1600but published only in 1659. Calcio Fiorentino The citizens of Florence gottogether in Piazza Santa Croce and celebrated the timebetween Epiphany and Lent by playing ‘calcio storico’(historic kickball), in the 16th century. The young grandees dressedup in fine clothes and indulged themselvesin the intense game. The calcio players could kick, hitwith shoulder and punch their opponents but such moves werenot permitted below the belt. The game was originally playedas a military exercise. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The game of footballwas not played from January, 1739 and wasrevived only in May, 1930. Disapproval and Attempts to Ban Football Football has faced severalrestrictions through the history starting frommiddle ages to modern day. The first ban was placed inEngland in 1314, and there were more than 30 bans afterthat from 1314 to 1667. Women were discouraged from playing thegame and were forbidden to play and in 1921 were forbidden to play in the Scottishand English Football League grounds. The order was removed onlyin 1970, females continue to face problems in many partsof the world till today. Establishment of Modern Codes English Public Schools Football was famous throughout Britainbut its public schools have been accredited with four main achievementsin the codes of modern football. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">a) According to evidences publicschools played an important role in making the game from a mob-played oneto an organised team played game. b) Students of these schools had describedmuch about the game in their records. c) The teachers, formerstudents and students of the schools codified the gameto be played among schools. d) The terms ‘kicking’and ‘running’ were first made clear in the footballgames of the schools. A student from the Eton College,Richard Mulcaster was known as the “greatest sixteenthcentury advocate football”. His evidences provide proofto organized football and also refer to teams,position, referee and coach. The violent version offootball was a more organized ‘footeball’,according to Mulcaster. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">A Latin book under the name ‘Vocabula’written in 1633, by a teacher from Aberdeen, David Wedderburn containsmany elements of modern football. A more detailed versionwas found in the ‘Book of Games’ by FrancisWillughby written in 1660. His book also includes a diagramdepicting a football field. The first offside ruleswere made in 18th century. Earlier according to this the objectiveof the players was to stand between the ball and the goal and was not permittedto pass the ball by hand or foot. They could move the ball in ascrum or dribble with their feet. This offside law beganto change and develop with time and it wasdifferent for every school as was found in referencesof schools from Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Cheltenhambetween 1810 and 1850. In the 19th century the Britishworked for twelve hours for six days in a week andmost of the children worked. This led to decline in thestreet game and school boys who did not work organised the gamewith formal codes of rules. Football was encouraged in the youthand every school had different set of rules and two thoughts ofschools developed in terms of rules; one played the game by dribblingand kicking the ball played by schools of Westminster,Eton, Harrow and Charter house whereas the other school permittedthe ball to be carried and was in practice by schools ofMarlborough, Rugby and Cheltenham.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> Development of transportationthrough rail in the 1840’s gave way tointer-school competitions. However since there were differentrules in various schools the students were unable to playthe game against each other. As a solution half of the matchwas played by the rules of the home school and the otherhalf by the visiting school. Firsts Clubs Clubs dedicated to football like theLondon’s Gymnastic Society was founded. During 1824 to 1841, the firstclub bearing the title with reference to being a football club was ‘The Foot-Ball Club’. The club was situatedin Edinburgh</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><div>Scotland. The club encouragedholding, pushing and picking up of ball butdiscouraged tripping. Competitions One of the longest known competitionswhich still seems to be running since 1858 every year is for thecontest for Cordner-Eggleston Cup. The match is played between Scotch College,Melbourne and Melbourne Grammar School. The Caledonian Challenge Cup was the first football trophy tournament played in 1861 under Melbourne rules and the cup was donated bythe Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne. United Hospitals Challenge Cup is the oldest football league is a rugby football competition played since 1874 and Yorkshire Cup is the oldest rugby trophy which is being playedfor since 1878. Established on 30 April, 1877South Australian Football Association is the oldest Australianrules football competition. Youdan Cup is the oldest soccer trophy whichstill survives since 1867 and standing strong since 1871 is English FA Cup which is the oldest soccer competition. The longest running Association Football league is ‘The Football League’ since 1888. On 5 March 1870 the firstinternational football match took place between Scotland and England at the Oval. Modern Balls Earlier the footballs weremade of inflated pig bladders. Covers made of leather were used in thelater years to give the ball their shape. Shoemakers, William Gilbert and Richard Lindon from Rugby displayed round and oval shaped balls in the Great Exhibition of 1851 held in London. </div><div>Linden was also acknowledgedwith the making of ‘brass hand pump’ and ‘rubber inflatablebladder’, he won several medals. U.S. inventor Charles Good year made aball with an exterior of vulcanized rubber panels and exhibited in the Exhibition Universelle at Paris. The normally used balls with pentagonsand hexagon gained its popularity very recently in the 1960’s and wasfirst used in 1970, World Cup. Modern Ball Passing Tactics First records of ‘scientific football’have been found in Lancashire in 1839 and in the modern game of Rugbyin 1862 and Sheffield FC in 1865. The first to play a passing game werethe Royal Engineers AFC in 1870, they became famous by 1872 as a team whoplayed the game together beautifully. March, 1872 records the first double pass from Derby school playing against Nottingham Forest. The 2-3-5 pyramid formation was firstperfected by the cambridge University AFC. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaaGPhx4rnIGdVNkNqwszyLVPMmwXrrrK8kXI4W3Z84vz7JmAJbLIUz7ortybvFQF3Sq-4hI6CJ69450G4P4zyThKxGOwSzQthmWGGQUR0ArcW-jzsNrB-qLbb9SCBj1tyVAG1Zz938y4/s400/Cambridge-University-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of football" border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="400" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaaGPhx4rnIGdVNkNqwszyLVPMmwXrrrK8kXI4W3Z84vz7JmAJbLIUz7ortybvFQF3Sq-4hI6CJ69450G4P4zyThKxGOwSzQthmWGGQUR0ArcW-jzsNrB-qLbb9SCBj1tyVAG1Zz938y4/w320-h219/Cambridge-University-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of football" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b>cambridge University</b></span><span style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div>Cambridge Rules A meeting was called at Trinity College at the Cambridge University in 1848, byJ.C.Thring and H.de Winton. The meeting comprised of12 representatives from Rugby, Eton, Shrewsbury,Harrow and Winchester. The meeting lasted for eighthours and the first set of modern football rules wereformed known as Cambridge rules. There is a revised set of rulesfound in Shrewsbury School in 1856. The game allowed kicking and handlingof the ball was permitted only if a player caught the ball directly from thefoot which earned them a free kick. Another offset rulediscouraged the players from roaming around nearthe opponent’s goal. The Cambridge rules werenot popular outside the schools anduniversities of the English but had the most important impact onthe committee members of Football Association who were liable to draftthe rules of Association football. </div><div>Sheffield Rules Nathaniel Creswick and WilliamPrest founded the Sheffield Football Club in 1857 inthe city of Sheffield. The club played football according to Sheffield rules initially and theylacked an off side rule. Some innovations which were introducedto football by Sheffield Football Club were corner kicks, free kicks,crossbar, handball and throw-ins. Their code dominated the northand midlands of Europe. Australian Rules Traces of an organised football game in Australia are found in Mebourne,Victoria, in 1858 when Tom Willis whowas an Australian but learnt in Rugby School,England wrote a letter, for a football club with a set of code oflaws to keep the cricketers busy in winters, to Bell’s Life in Victoriaand Sporting Chronicle. The first match was played between Scotch College and Melbourne Grammar School on 31 July, 1858; the match was umpiredby Tom Willis himself. </div><div>On 14 May, 1859 Willisalong with Thomas H.Smith, William Hammersley andJ.B.Thompson formed the Melbourne Football Club, which is also the oldest surviving football club in Australia. The rules of the club were distributedwidely and many other clubs adopted them. The game spread far andwide but saw a significant decline during the World War I but soon came out emergent and now Australian Football League is one of the world’s leadingprofessional competitions. Football Association An important figure in the formation of Cambridge rules, J.C.Thring formed his own set of rules in 1862 and called them ‘The Simplest Game’or ‘The Uppingham Rules’. A committee comprisingof seven members revised the Cambridge rules in1863, the members were all former studentsfrom schools of Rugby, Harrow, Westminster, Eton,Shrewsbury and Rugby.</div><div> On 26 October, 1863many representatives of different football associations of London met at the Free mason’s Tavern,this was the initial meeting of The Football Association (FA). The association aimed on unifyingthe code, there were many public schools who were requestedto join the association. Upphingham and Charter house were the only ones who joined. From October 1863 to December1863 there were many meetings in which many lawswere added and removed and finally on 8 December, 1863 FA releasedthe ‘Laws of Football’ which was the first complete set of rules for football andwas later known as Association Football. The initial FA rulescontained many elements which are no longerin use however; they are still followed in many games likerugby football and Australian football. Rugby Football There were more than 75clubs all together by 1870 in Britain who playedvariations of rugby. There were rugby clubs in Canada,New Zealand, Ireland and Australia. </div><div>Despite the number of clubs there wereno fixed rules for playing rugby. In 1871, 21 rugby clubs from London for med the Rugby Football Union (RFU) and the first set of off icialrules was adopted in June, 1871. The rules permitted the passing of ball. North American Football Codes Students of universities and North-American schools played football among themselves. For instance, a game known as Old division football was commonly played by the students of Dartmouth Collegein New Hampshire, in the 1820’s. This was a variant ofassociation football codes. Like Britain, mob-style football was common and the players had to lead the ball to the goal area andwould use any means to do it. They pushed, punched, kicked and usedall sorts of violent ways to do so and on doing so there were many casualtiesand injured players on the playground. </div><div>The violence of the gamesled to protests and universities were pressurizedto ban the game. Yale and Harvard Universities were forced toban the game by city of New Haven and the game was shut down in 1860 and 1861 in Yaleand Harvard universities respectively. To substitute football there were kicking and running games introducedand a combination of the two games was the ‘Boston Game’which was played by Oneida Football Club. Many historians considerthis club to be the first official club of football inthe <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank">United States of America</a></b>. The club was founded in 1862, by schoolboys who played the game on Boston Common. The game found its way back to schooland college grounds by 1860’s and Rutgers, Brown, Yale and Princeton allstarted to play this kicking game. The rules of English Football Associationwere used by Princeton to play the game. The first football match to bedocumented was on 9 November, 1861 and was a practice game played at University of Toronto, Canada. One of the players ofthe game was the late Chancellor of the school,Sir William Mulock.</div><div> Fredrick A Bethune, Barlow Cumberland and Christopher Gwen drafted the rules based on rugby football,in 1864 at Trinity College. In 1868, Canada, a gamewhich resembled rugby football was taken up byMontreal Football Club. The first intercollegiate football of America was played between Princeton and Rutgerson 6 November, 1869. The players used a round ball for thegame and the rules were improvised. played by North Americatoday is mainly based on the match played between Harvard Universityand Mc Gill University in 1874. The players of both sideschanged between McGill and Boston rules whichwere used by Harvard. After some years Harvard wasfollowing the rules of McGill and convinced the otheruniversities to follow them too.</div><div> A meeting was called in Springfield, Massachusetts at Massasoit Conventionon 23 November, 1876 and representatives of Princeton,Harvard, Columbia and Yale together agreed to adopt the Rugby Football Union rules with a few changes. Walter Camp, coach of Yalewho was the fixture at Massasoit House conventionbought in many changes in 1880 and two of the mostsignificant changes which differentiated rugbyfrom American game was that the ‘scrummage’ wasreplaced with the ‘line of scrimmage’ and ‘down-and-distant’rules were created. Despite the changes American football continued to be played violently causing severalcasualties and even death at times. The acting President of <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank">United States of America</a></b>, President Theodore Roosevelt called ameeting on 9 October, 1905 where the representatives from Princeton, Hale and Harvard were summoned and advised to makeradical changes in the game. One of such rules introduced on1906 was ‘legal forward pass’. This was the mostinfluential changes brought about which affected themodern game of football.</div><div> American football was developed by the Canadians in order to differentiate the game from one which was more rugby oriented. Ontario Rugby Football Union implementedthe Burnside rules in 1903 which used down-and-distant system and line ofscrimmage from the American Football. In 1929, the also applied thelegal forward pass in the game. The football codes of Canada and America are both different. Gaelic Football In County Kerry, Ireland‘caid’ a form of traditional football was popularduring the 19th century. According to Father W. Ferris, there weretwo types of ‘caid’ played in the country: a. First was the ‘field game' where theplayers aimed on putting the through goals which looked like arch’s and weremade from the boughs of two trees. b. The other was the‘cross country game’ was played on a Sunday andlasted an entire day. The team that took the ball acrossthe boundaries of the parish won. Carrying the ball,wrestling, opposing players, and holdingeverything was allowed. Association ball and rugby becamepopular games by the 1870’s in Ireland and Trinity College ofDublin had a good hold on Rugby. The set of rules laidby the English Football Association had spreadwide and the ancient forms of ‘caid’ gave wayto a more rough game which permitted the playersto trip each other.</div><div> The Irish did not make any attempts tocodify and unify the different variations of football till the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) was established in 1884. The GAA promoted many Irishsports including hurling and demotivated foreign games like Association football and Rugby. Maurice Davin first drew a set ofGaelic football rules and got it published in the Irish magazine ‘United Ireland’ on the 7 February, 1887. The rules laid by Davin wereinfluenced by many Irish games and wish to solemnize a separateIrish code of football. A prominent example of this wasthat an offside rule was missing; this was an element whichwas common only among the Irish and Australianfootball players. </div><div>Schism in Rugby Football After the International Rugby Football Board(IRFB) was established in 1886, the code started being eroded as professionalismcrept into the different football codes. In the 1890’s there was a long termban placed on professional players of England, this caused tension andturmoil within rugby football, as there were many playerswho lived in Northern England and belongedto the working class and could not spare time to travel, playthe game and recuperate from their wounds. The same situation arose tenyears back in soccer in Northern England but the reaction of the authorities was quite different, who tries to estrange the working class support in Northern England. After a disagreement which rose in 1895,about a player who received broken wages was, this substituted wageslost as an effect of playing rugby, representatives of thenorthern clubs got together to form Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU).</div><div> The new club earlier allowed only differenttypes of player wages replacements but in two years NRFU players were remuneratedprovided they were employed outside the sport. The professional associationverbalized that rugby needed to becomea ‘spectator’ sport. In a few years the NRFU rulesstarted separating from the RFU and the most noted one was theelimination of ‘line-out’ and ‘ruck’ was replaced by ‘play-the-ballruck’ with which two players could compete between the tacklerat marker and the player tackled. If the ball carrier washeld the ‘mauls’ were stopped was replaced bya play-the ball-ruck. In 1901, Northern Rugby League was formed when Yorkshire and Lancashirecompetitions of NRFU combined, this was alsothe first time that the word ‘rugby league’ wasformally used in England. </div><div>With time the RFU form of rugby playedby clubs that continued to be members of national federations affiliatedto IRFB were known as ‘rugby union’. Globalization of ‘association football’ As the international matches gained popularitythe necessity of one single community to look after the affairs of association football had become obvious by the 20th century. Many dialogues took place among the English Football Association members on forming an international body butwas apparently going unnoticed. Associations from seven other European countries then formed an international association andthe countries comprised of; Netherlands, France, Switzerland,Sweden, Belgium, Spain and Denmark. ‘Fédération Internationale de Football Association’ or the much known FIFA was established on 21 May, 1904 in Paris with Robert Guerin as its first president. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpgj1UsVY-omogPMFhBeqF16oIJ6t2D99WxHm7CbBjrvQTVE92iVanSeEvlyyRkDhfwfJUhsnKH8Q-vcoeok1DdOiK2bKDsio2VXXqmCSkZ-m2wKYuZu3RpgwE9aLKspHCZVSwXAbMRs/s400/rush-2468200__480+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img alt="History of football" border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpgj1UsVY-omogPMFhBeqF16oIJ6t2D99WxHm7CbBjrvQTVE92iVanSeEvlyyRkDhfwfJUhsnKH8Q-vcoeok1DdOiK2bKDsio2VXXqmCSkZ-m2wKYuZu3RpgwE9aLKspHCZVSwXAbMRs/w320-h200/rush-2468200__480+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of football" width="320" /></b></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>History of football</b> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div>The name and acronym hassustained throughout the globe ever sinceits formation. Divergence of Two Rugby Codes The rules of rugby deviatedin 1906 from the ‘rugby union’ as the team reducedfrom 15 players to 13 players. An official Australianrugby team toured Britain and Australia in 1907and the got a great response from the crowd,after which official rugby leagues were launchesin Australia from 1908. Every country had theirown set of rules and different bodies wererequired to get together and create an exact setof rules which would be applicable for everyinternational match. The situation continued as it was till1948, when Rugby League International Federation (RLIF) was formed in Bordeaux,after it was initiated by the French League. Latter part of 20th century saw morechanges in the rules and in 1996, the idea of ‘downs’ was taken from the American football by the rugby league officials. The rule stated that a teamwould be permitted to keep the ball for four tackles (rugbyunion follows the initial rule which states that a playerwho has been tackled and put to ground should letgo of the ball instantly). </div><div>In 1971, this number wasincreased from four to six and was known as the ‘six tacklerule’ in the rugby league. By 1990’s the game had full time players and the five meter off-side distance between the twoteams was increased to 10 meters. The replacement rule was surpassedby many changes in rules. 20th century also saw changesin the laws of ‘rugby union’; the changes were considerably lessas compared to the rugby league. Some of the changes being that the goalsfrom marks were removed, anyone kicking directly into touch from outside the22 metre line would get a penalty, many new laws were created to decide whohad the custody following an indecisive ‘maul’ or ‘ruck’ and the lifting of players in line-outs was made official. Rugby union was made an ‘open’game in 1995, which means any professional playerswere allowed to participate. Even though the actual difference amongthe two codes have now disappeared and the fact that officials from both rugby league and rugby union have mentioned about the probability of theirunion, the rules of both the codes and have deviated so much that an occurrenceas such cannot be seen in the near future. </div><div>Use of Word Football The term ‘football’ when used torefer a particular game could mean any one of the gameswhich have been defined above and because of this muchfriendly disputes have risen over the use of the word ‘football’, mainly because it isused in diverse ways in various parts of the English-speaking world’. The term ‘football’ is normally used torefer to the code of football which is governing that specific area so it normally depends on where one uses the word. In <b>United Kingdom</b>, Canada and <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank"><b>United States of America</b> </a>the code is simply known as ‘football’ whereas in otherplaces there is usually a qualifier. In Australia the term ‘football’ iseither rugby league or Australian rules football, depending uponthe popularity of the region. In New Zealand it has beentraditionally known as rugby union and lately been referredto as association football. The Canadian code is ‘football’ where as the American football is referred to as ‘Football américain’ and association football is called ‘le soccer’. English is the official languageof the FIFA and among the 45 affiliates most of them use‘Football’ in their organizations; Canada and United States use the word ‘Soccer’. There are many FIFA affiliates whoare now using ‘Football’ like: In 2005 Australian’sassociation football changed its name from‘soccer’ to ‘football’ New Zealand’s governing body followed Australia and in 2007 started using‘ football since then.</div><div>Samoa Soccer Federation’ changed to‘Football Federation Samoa’ in 2009. Popularity There are many codeswhich have gained their popularity over the yearsin the world of sports. Association football has more than 250million players across more than 200 nations of the world and is the mostwatched game on television in sports. The annually played SuperBowl is one of the most popular sportsenjoyed by the Americans and is among the top eight most watchedbroadcasts in the history of U.S. television, making association football themost popular game in America. The highest number of people watching football in Australia is the Australian rules football. Gaelic football captures the heartof Irish people and the All-Ireland Football Final is one of the mostwatched events of the country. </div><div>What started from a smallinflated intestine of an animal has journeyed its wayto fame and popularity. What was played forfun, enjoyment and physical exercise has nowbecome professional. There was a time when the players hadto fight so they could be paid and today players of football are someof the richest people in the world. Football players today arestars and role-models for thousands of youngsters whoaspire to be just like them. From disputes to bans and out in the fieldagain, the game has endured all hardships and now shines in the world entertaining millions of people all over the globe. </div><div><b>FIFA football</b> </div><div><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ACz5ipFZol4" width="480"></iframe> </b></div><div><b><font size="6"> <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></font></b></div></span></div></div>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-68479583340390528612020-08-03T02:04:00.010-07:002020-08-13T09:59:27.282-07:00Napoleon bonaparte 1813: Battle of the Nations<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30sG7DKf28D2cPEmW-PeBKrPzKO854Q76t-NfOkSrg50qYasyTB63xUwsA2DLF0LohIjZGDS0oXDZPE-oNS6k2EoRjv6Udmmhq9OG5eM0wsnAnePNv7KyKNDlpdXSbxYNDvT46whGmwo/s300/napoleon-bonaparte-8.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Napoleon bonaparte 1813: Battle of the Nations" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="255" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30sG7DKf28D2cPEmW-PeBKrPzKO854Q76t-NfOkSrg50qYasyTB63xUwsA2DLF0LohIjZGDS0oXDZPE-oNS6k2EoRjv6Udmmhq9OG5eM0wsnAnePNv7KyKNDlpdXSbxYNDvT46whGmwo/w272-h320/napoleon-bonaparte-8.jpg" title="Napoleon bonaparte 1813: Battle of the Nation, Napoleon bonaparte quotes, napoleon bonaparte height, napoleon bonaparte death, napoleon bonaparte picture, napoleon bonaparte images," width="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b> </b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Napoleon bonaparte 1813: Battle of the Nations</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">October 1813. <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-birth-of-emperor.html" target="_blank">Napoleon Bonaparte</a></b> faced hisgreatest crisis since becoming Emperor of the French army, napoleonic wars nine years before. His long war in Spain had ended in defeat,and an Anglo-Spanish Portuguese army had now crossed the Pyrenees to invade France itself. In Germany, the Kingdom of Bavaria had switchedsides, and joined the Sixth Coalition against France. While in Saxony, <b>Napoleon bonaparte</b> faced four armiesconverging on him from all directions. What’s more, these were not the same bunglershe’d crushed in 1805 and ‘6, at Austerlitz and Jena. Prussia, Austria and Russia had all learned from their mistakes; they were now better organised, trained and led, and more waryof Napoleon… The largest Coalition force was the Army of Bohemia, commanded by Austrian Field Marshal the Prince of Schwarzenberg. His was a huge mixed Austrian-Russian-Prussian army of 194,000 men and 790 guns. To the north, Blücher’s Army of Silesia,and the Army of the North, under napoleon abdicated, </div><div style="text-align: justify;">the united states,helena in the so france, </div><div style="text-align: justify;">island of st helena ,british trade, emperor of france, </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> now Crown Prince of Sweden. Together, 130,000 men and 536 guns. To the southeast, General Bennigsen’s Armyof Poland, besieging Dresden. Another 34,000 men and 135 guns. In total, the Coalition had fielded 360,000men and 1500 guns, with Russia supplying the bulk of the troops. One unique addition to Bernadotte’s Armyof the North was a single troop of British rocket artillery - an experimental weapon-systembased on the Congreve rocket, a type seen here in 1830. Although wildly inaccurate,their high explosive warhead could be devastating at close range. <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> forces around Leipzig were outnumberedalmost two-to-one. But with 200,000 men and 700 guns, the Grande Armée was still a force to be reckoned with, with many experienced troops and commanders,even though it increasingly relied on young conscripts to make up numbers. There were another 140,000 men that <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> could not call on… General Rapp’s Tenth Corps besieged in Danzig, Marshal St.Cyr’sFirst Corps besieged in Dresden, Marshal Davout’s Thirteenth Corps holding Hamburg, as wellas several smaller besieged garrisons across Germany and Poland. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6V9FRd7R6IFLZdj14G_kM_Y6S4994UV0PWjh4-v8g1QimhmB4_knC4Znc7DMP3OJZWp8dczGJ_UhD0yqoeCaOPGI-DJAMNdFPg0CqnTzZiF6N4puRVLKPVmCm3dJpPWKZlCJPReFdwO4/s356/Napoleon-Bonaparte-part-7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Napoleon bonaparte 1813: Battle of the Nations" border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="356" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6V9FRd7R6IFLZdj14G_kM_Y6S4994UV0PWjh4-v8g1QimhmB4_knC4Znc7DMP3OJZWp8dczGJ_UhD0yqoeCaOPGI-DJAMNdFPg0CqnTzZiF6N4puRVLKPVmCm3dJpPWKZlCJPReFdwO4/w320-h151/Napoleon-Bonaparte-part-7.jpg" title="Napoleon bonaparte 1813: Battle of the Nations, napoleon bonaparte quotes, napoleon bonaparte height, napoleon bonaparte death, napoleon bonaparte picture, napoleon bonaparte images," width="320" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> was currently about 20 miles northof Leipzig with the bulk of his army. Marshal Murat was 40 miles to the south with90,000 men, covering Schwarzenberg. <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> now decided to rapidly join Murat,and with their temporary superiority in numbers, defeat Schwarzenberg, before Bernadotte and Blücher could intervene. Murat had orders to conduct a fighting withdraw alnorth wards, but at Liebertwolkwitz, he was drawn into major combat with the enemy’sadvance guard. Around 12,000 horsemen fought what some havedescribed as the largest cavalry battle in Europe’s history. Murat, in the thick ofit as usual, was very nearly captured by Prussian dragoons. The battle ended in a minor Coalition victory,with around 2,000 casualties on each side. The next day <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-birth-of-emperor.html" target="_blank">Napoleon bonaparte</a> </b>arrived to take command. By 16th October, <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> had military leader ,french military cncentratedmost of his forces south of Leipzig. Field Marshal Schwarzenberg meanwhile, againstRussian advice, had deployed his army on either side of the Pleisse River, which would hinderhis movements throughout the battle. <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> had entrusted the northern sectorto Marshal Ney, with orders to keep an eye out for Blücher and Bernadotte. But <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> didn’t expect them for at least another day, and so Ney had orders to transfer mostof his troops south for the attack on Schwarzenberg. Schwarzenberg, however, knew that Blücherand Bernadotte were closer than <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> suspected, and that Bennigsen was also marching up fromDresden. This was the moment the Coalition had beenwaiting for - all their armies converging on Napoleon with overwhelming superiorityin numbers. However the Coalition’s Headquarters werenothing like <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> were one man’s will decided all. Schwarzenberg had to attempt to co-ordinatethe actions of three large armies, from three separate states. And although he was Commander-in-Chief, hisplans still needed to be approved by Emperor Alexander, the Supreme Commander… whilsthe also managed relations with the King of Prussia and the Emperor of Austria, all ofwhom were present at his headquarters. The plan finally agreed was for General Wittgenstein’scorps-group to lead an attack in four main columns – with two Austrian flanking attackswest of the Pleisse. At 8am, a bombardment began along the line,as Russian, Austrian and Prussian infantry regiments advanced across cold, muddy fields. Wachau soon fell to Russian infantry, butFrench artillery fire made it impossible for them to advance further. Victor’s SecondCorps then counter-attacked, retaking the village at bayonet-point. Wachau would change hands twice more thatmorning. These bloody contests for small Saxon villageswould come to typify the fighting around Leipzig. At Markkleeberg, Kleist’s Prussian Second Corps drove out the Polish defenders after bitter fighting. While on the left bank of the Pleisse, Merveldt’s Austrian Second Corps struggled across broken ground to attack well-defended villages. Theirassault on Connewitz stalled, but with heavy losses, the Austrians got a toe-hold in Dölitz. On the right flank, around 10am Klenau’s Fourth Corps occupied the high ground of the Kolmberg, and fought its way into Liebertwolkwitz.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> observing from Gallow’s Hill,ordered up Augereau’s Ninth Corps and the Young Guard in support. Macdonald’s Eleventh Corps was now alsoarriving in position on his left. His troops retook the Kolmberg, and counterattacked Liebertwolkwitz,driving out the Austrians, and pursuing them over the fields beyond. The advance was only halted when Russian Cossackswere sighted on their open left flank – a warning that Bennigsen’s army was not faroff. The Coalition offensive was going nowhere,with most of its modest gains lost to French counterattacks. But there was one sector where the Coalitionhad more success that morning: General Gyulai’s Austrian Third Corps, withorders to threaten <b>Napoleon</b> <b>bonaparte</b> line of retreat, advanced over marshy ground towards Lindenau.Ney had to divert Bertrand’s Fourth Corps to reinforce the village, and ensure the roadto France was kept open. <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> was waiting for Ney’s reinforcementsbefore launching his attack on Schwarzenberg. But now Fourth Corps was tied down at Lindenau…and there was more bad news from Ney: Blücher’s Army of Silesia was approachingfrom the northwest. Marmont’s Sixth Corps had had to turn about, to keep the Prussiansat bay. Heavy fighting broke out around Möckern,the village itself held by elite French marines… while Dąbrowski’s Polish division clungonto Wiederitzsch, under attack from an entire Russian corps. This was a nasty surprise for Napoleon, who’dthought Blücher was still a day’s march away. But the old Prussian general, hearing cannon-fireto the south, had urged his men on, and into the attack. Blücher intended to draw as many French troopsonto himself as possible, to assist Schwarzenberg’s Army of Bohemia. His actions, and the bloody fight for Möckern,may just have saved the Coalition from defeat… <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> was outnumbered across the wholebattlefield, but in the south, he still had a numerical advantage… not as large as he’dhoped, nor likely to last long. Schwarzenberg and Alexander were already movingup reserves – though Schwarzenberg now found that his were on the wrong side of the PleisseRiver – costing precious hours. It was now or never for <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> At 2pm he ordered the attack to begin. A grand battery of 180 guns blasted the enemylines…. Then Victor’s Second Corps, Lauriston’sFifth Corps and the Young Guard began their advance. In support, Murat gathered two entire cavalrycorps – 10,000 horsemen – and led them in one of the great mass cavalry charges ofthe Napoleonic Wars. Cuirassiers of the 1st Heavy Cavalry Divisionbroke through to the main enemy battery. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVbu0S5PvQMZGfUlewSL_H96OuzBY97cEquAYKcQcE016nynJEY7hOiRb5Z0GPUeKdKiPcF5VsPTpJer9An5yG9z-gkaSfibWMiQ0PQDI1II0sR7Nd2NpLV5NYUXT7eVuIyJSMcraTInU/s300/napoleon-bonaparte-62860__480+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Napoleon bonaparte 1813: Battle of the Nations" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="248" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVbu0S5PvQMZGfUlewSL_H96OuzBY97cEquAYKcQcE016nynJEY7hOiRb5Z0GPUeKdKiPcF5VsPTpJer9An5yG9z-gkaSfibWMiQ0PQDI1II0sR7Nd2NpLV5NYUXT7eVuIyJSMcraTInU/w265-h320/napoleon-bonaparte-62860__480+%25281%2529.jpg" title="Napoleon bonaparte 1813: Battle of the Nation, napoleon bonaparte height, napoleon bonaparte quotes, napoleon bonaparte height, napoleon bonaparte death, napoleon bonaparte picture, napoleon bonaparte images," width="265" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some even nearly reached the three Coalition monarchs. But the ground was marshy and broken by fencesand ditches. The French horses were soon exhausted, and the squadrons disordered. Austrian cuirassiers and Russian Guard cavalrywere coming up from the south. When these fresh Allied cavalry reserves chargedthe French, a great melee ensued… but the French were eventually driven back to theirstart line. Maison’s division of the Fifth Corps wasinvolved in a desperate struggle for Gülden-Gossa. The fighting swept back and forth throughthe village, the streets filling with dead and wounded from both sides. But as Russian and Prussian Guard regimentsarrived to reinforce the village, the French were forced to fall back. Around 4pm, the Austrian Reserve Corps finallyarrived, and renewed the assault on Markkleeberg - one of the morning’s objectives, whichwas finally secured. By 5pm it was clear that <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> didn’thave enough reserves to force a decisive outcome in the south. To the north, Möckern was being stubbornlyheld by French marines, with lethal close-range artillery support. But despite terrible losses, Yorck’s Prussiancorps continued to attack. Marshal Marmont himself was wounded twice,but remained in command. Finally a brilliant charge by Prussian hussarstriggered a French rout. Möckern fell, as Marmont’s corps streamed back towards Leipzig. As dusk fell around 6pm, fighting died outacross the battle field. The first day of the battle had cost the French an estimated 25,000 casualties; the Coalition, at least 30,000. <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> had come close, but failed to landa decisive blow. The chance for victory was slipping from hisgrasp. LEIPZIG DAY 217th October 1813 “VIII Corps have lost a third of their menand many off icers. All ammunition stocks have been used up… The slightest delay in ammunitionresupply could cause us heavy losses as we have not enough to maintain combat for onehour.” Poniatiowski’s report, end of Sat 16th Oct Sunday 17th October brought a lull, with botharmies exhausted by the previous day’s fighting. <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> needed to rest his troops and resupplythem with ammunition, which was running dangerously low. He also sent a message to his father-in-law,Emperor Francis I, suggesting an armistice and finally offering concessions. But theallies were no longer interested. They knew time was on their side. The only major combat that day occurred inthe north, where Blücher continued to attack. Russian infantry stormed Eutritzsch… and Gohlis… Russian hussars charged and routed part ofArrighi’s Third Cavalry Corps. That day Napoleon received 14,000 reinforcementswhen Reynier’s French-Saxon Seventh Corps arrived from the northeast. But the same day, the Coalition received morethan 100,000 reinforcements, as their armies continued to converge on Leipzig. Colloredo’s Austrian First Corps… Bennigsen’sArmy of Poland… and Bernadotte’s Army of the North – though the latter was widelycriticised for his leisurely march to the battlefield. The next day <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b> would face odds of nearlytwo to one – it was time for the emperor to begin planning his retreat. On Monday morning, the sun shone across 40square miles of battlefield, on which nearly half a million troops and 2,000 cannon wereassembled: soldiers from France, Germany, Russia, Austria, Poland, Italy, Sweden, theNetherlands, and even Britain. This was truly ‘the Battle of the Nations’. In preparation for his withdrawal, <b>Napoleon bonaparte</b> pulled back his forces into a tighter, defensive perimeter…. and ordered Bertrand’s Fourth Corps to marchwest to secure the army’s line of retreat. Two divisions of the Young Guard, under Marshal Mortier, took their place at Lindenau. Schwarzenberg, meanwhile, planned to closethe net on <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b>, with six converging attacks. Fighting in the south began around 8am. The Austrians took Dölitz, but Marshal Oudinotled a counterattack at the head of a Young Guard division, and drove them out again. Schwarzenberg was so alarmed by this reverse,that he sent orders to recall Gyulai’s Third Corps. General Barclay’s troops initially facedlittle opposition, as they took Wachau and Liebertwolkwitz, scenes of such bitter fightingtwo days before, but now scarcely defended. Barclay then paused, waiting for Bennigsento get into position on his right, before continuing his attack. Bennigsen’s troops had more ground to cover,but towards noon, they’d driven back Macdonald’s infantry and taken their objectives. They would now wait for Bernadotte’s armyto link up on their right. But the Army of the North was again making slow progress,for which many, again, blamed its commander, who seemed exceedingly cautious about facinghis old master in battle. Blücher, in contrast, did not hesitate tolaunch Russian infantry against Leipzig’s northern defences, though their attack failedwith heavy losses. By 2pm, <b>Napoleon bonaparte</b> was hard-pressed on all fronts,but holding his own. His attention was now focused on Probstheida,key to his southern front, under attack from Kleist’s Prussian Second Corps. French troops had turned the village intoa fortress, and inflicted terrible losses on the advancing Prussians. Probstheida was soon engulfed in smoke andfire, as fighting raged on all sides. Some Prussian regiments lost half their men attackingthe village, while three French generals were killed as they organised its defence. Napoleoneven sent in Friant’s division of the Guard to reinforce the position. To the north, Bernadotte’s army was finallyjoining the battle in earnest. Marmont had assembled 137 guns around Schönefeld,which poured fire into the Russian ranks. In response, Bernadotte massed 200 guns ofhis own. The fields were soon strewn with the deadand wounded, as the sheer weight of fire made it impossible for either side to advance. Around 3pm, von Bulow’s Prussian corps,supported by Austrian jaegers and its small British rocket detachment, attacked Paunsdorf. Reynier’s Seventh Corps could not withstandthe onslaught. An hour later, around 3,000 Saxon soldiersrushed over to the enemy and surrendered. The Saxons were deeply disillusioned withtheir French allies. Their main wish now was for a quick end to a war that had ravagedtheir homeland for many months. The hole in the line created by the Saxons’defection was soon plugged by Guard cavalry. But the Coalition juggernaut could not bestopped. Towards dusk, under relentless Russian pressure,Marmont abandoned the burning ruins of Schönefeld, while the Prussians took Sellerhausen. In the south, Probstheida still held, butthe situation was grim for Napoleon. The third day’s fighting cost both sidesanother 25,000 casualties. Napoleon’s army was exhausted, outnumbered,virtually encircled… and critically low on ammunition. Finally, the Emperor gave the order to retreat. Overnight, under cover of darkness and earlymorning fog, the French army withdrew behind Leipzig’s walls… and at 4am began itsretreat west, crossing the single bridge over the Elster River, that led back to France. There’d been time and materials to buildextra bridges, but in what would prove a serious oversight, no one had given the necessaryorders. Furthermore, there was no clear plan for Leipzig’sdefence, which was left to a jumble of under-strength units, mostly Poles and Germans. Napoleon left Leipzig around 10am. Behind him, there were scenes of mountingchaos and confusion, the city’s streets jammed with troops, guns and wagons. The 20,000 wounded troops in the city hadlittle hope of escape. 30 minutes later shells began to rain on thecity, as the Coalition launched an all-out assault from north, east and south. The rearguard held the city’s gates foras long as they could. But they were soon overwhelmed by the enemy, and savage streetfighting broke out across the city. A barge, packed with gunpowder, had been mooredbeneath the Elster bridge, so that it could be quickly destroyed after the rearguard crossed. Around 2pm, a corporal lit the fuse when hesaw Russian soldiers on the far bank… even though the bridge was still packed with troops,wagons and horses. The bridge was destroyed in a gigantic explosion,that trapped 30,000 men and 30 generals on the wrong side of the river. Panic broke out among those who suddenly foundthemselves cut off. Most became prisoners, but some tried to swimfor it… including the Polish Prince Poniatowski, made a Marshal by Napoleon just three daysbefore. Weak from his wounds, he rode his horse intothe river, but as it tried to climb the steep far bank, it rolled over him, and he was drowned. Marshal Macdonald had also been cut off bythe blast, and resolved to escape, or die trying. He found a place where engineers had cut downtwo trees as a makeshift bridge, and made his attempt: “… and there I was, one foot on eithertrunk, and the abyss below me. A high wind was blowing. I was wearing a large cloak andfearing that someone would grab at it, I got rid of it. I was already three-quarters of the way across,when some men decided to follow me; their unsteady feet caused the trunks to shake…and I fell into the water. Fortunately I could touch the bottom, butthe bank was steep, the soil loose and slippery… Some of the enemy’s skirmishers came up....They fired at me point-blank, and missed me, and some of our men who happened to be nearbydrove them off, and helped me out. I was wet from head to foot, breathless andsweating heavily from my efforts. Marshal Marmont, who had got across early in the day,gave me a horse; I wanted dry clothes more, but they were not to be had.” The loss of the bridge turned what was alreadya heavy defeat for Napoleon… into a disastrous one. Later that day the three Allied monarchs metin the centre of Leipzig to celebrate their great victory. It had come at enormous cost. Exact numbers are impossible to establish,but in four days’ fighting, the Coalition armies suffered at least 52,000 casualties. <b>Napoleon bonaparte </b>, who could less afford such losses,came off worse: 47,000 killed and wounded, 35,000 taken prisoner, 325 guns lost. More men were killed and wounded at Leipzigthan in any European battle before the First World War. Sir George Jackson, the British ambassadorto Austria, rode over the battlefield with Metternich, the Austrian foreign minister,two days later: “A more revolting and sickening spectacleI never beheld,” he wrote. “Scarcely could we move forward a step without passing overthe dead body of some poor fellow, gashed with wounds and clotted with blood… another,perhaps, without an arm or a leg… here and there a headless trunk, or a head only, whichcaused our horses to stumble or start aside… It made one’s blood run cold to glance uponthe upturned faces of the dead… We got over this ‘field of glory’ as quickly as wecould.” <b>Napoleon bonaparte</b> had suffered a calamitous defeat.He had lost the battle for Germany – his domination of Europe appeared at an end. With 80,000 survivors, he began a fightingretreat to the French border. There was now no chance of rescue for the100,000 men trapped in garrisons across Germany and Poland, though some would hold out foranother five months. Marshal Murat took his leave of the Emperor,assuring him of his loyalty… but secretly planning to cut a deal with the Allies tosave his throne in Naples. It was the last time the two men saw each other. Eleven days after the Battle of Leipzig, <b>Napoleon bonaparte</b> former allies, the Bavarians, tried to block his escape at Hanau, with 40,000 men. The Bavarian commander, von Wrede, had servedwith Napoleon in many campaigns. But on seeing his deployment for battle, <b>Napoleon bonaparte</b> remarked,“I made him a count, but I couldn’t make him a general.” The emperor of france then ordered the ImperialGuard to lead an attack, that forced the enemy to fall back in disarray. The French army reached the safety of Mainzthree days later. Napoleon Code himself pushed on to Paris, to containthe political damage from his defeat. Behind him, his Empire was being dismantled.On 4th November the Coalition announced the dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine– several of its former members now joining the war against France.peninsular war, In the Illyrian Provinces, local revolts,Austrian invasion and British trade naval support brought an end to French rule. In North Italy, Eugène was ring steadilybefore the advance of von Hiller’s Austrian army. While in Hamburg, Marshal Davout, with 34,000troops, would soon be cut off, and under siege. Napoleon’s situation was desperate. But in the next campaign… fought for … Napoleon led prove that he was still the master of war. Thank you to all our Patreon supporters formaking this series possible, the next day south atlantic, civil war,</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-birth-of-emperor.html" target="_blank">Napoleon Bonaparte part 1</a></b> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-conquest-of-europe.html" target="_blank">Napoleon Bonaparte part 2</a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-decline-part-3-1812.html" target="_blank">Napoleon Bonaparte part 3</a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank">The United States </a></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Napoleon bonaparte </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HndfQQpDPIs" width="480"></iframe> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0United States 51.165691 10.45152623.657413504579083 -24.704724 78.673968495420922 45.607776tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-9170211997752264522020-08-02T13:41:00.006-07:002020-08-13T10:01:52.359-07:00ভ্রমণ : Vromon<p dir="ltr"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWfuezpBIQNl_2VeEKYavS9xRb6VNjY3FpFuw7Frsu9O_r2as2FB5swVyYP011o6qkLHc0Ra9vuG_754-OZXSWq_RycCM31iNTglIhJoaRLDsOjSP5MzXPHeHI_9e0vG50cgMdeFN2Sc/s400/karala-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ভ্রমণ" border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWfuezpBIQNl_2VeEKYavS9xRb6VNjY3FpFuw7Frsu9O_r2as2FB5swVyYP011o6qkLHc0Ra9vuG_754-OZXSWq_RycCM31iNTglIhJoaRLDsOjSP5MzXPHeHI_9e0vG50cgMdeFN2Sc/w320-h213/karala-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ভ্রমণ" width="320" /></a></div><b> </b><div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b> ভ্রমণ : Vromon</b></h2><p></p><p dir="ltr"><b>ভ্রমণ</b> হচ্ছে মানুষের এক অনন্য প্রেম, <b>ভ্রমণ</b> <br />
কথাটি শোনার পর আমাদের মন ওড়ু ওড়ু হয়ে যায়, দূরে কোথাও বেড়ানো বা হারিয়ে যাওয়া, <br />
আমার মতে <b>ভ্রমণ</b> যেখানে যে কোন কোথাও <br />
হতে পারে, দুই পাশে ধান খেত মাঝে চওড়া মেঠো পথ, রাস্তার পাশে অনন্য তাল গাছের সারি যতোদূর চোখ যায়, নীল মেঘের আড়ালে সূর্য উঁকি দেয় দিনের শেষের অস্তো যাওয়ার আগের <br />
মহূর্তে, রক্তের মতো লাল আভা এসে ধান খেতের সবুজ রঙ কে সোনালী আভার সৃষ্টি করছে, দেখলে মন জুড়িয়ে যায়, এই চোখ জুড়িয়ে যাওয়া দৃশ্য কে ভ্রমণ বলে, কেন বলছি এ কথা যদি বলেন, তাহলে বলবো এমন দৃশ্য আবার সব জায়গায় দেখা যায়না এর জন্য প্রকৃতি কিছু নির্দিষ্ট জায়গা ঠিক করে রেখেছে যেখানে প্রকৃতি তার নিজের মতো সেজেছে এই মন মুগ্ধকর দৃশ্য দেখতে আমরা কখনো দেশে কখনো বিদেশে<b> ভ্রমণ</b> করিয়া থাকি, এই ঘুরে বেড়ানোকে আমরা <b>ভ্রমণ</b> বলি, দেশের বাইরে <b>ভ্রমণ</b> করতে গেলে অনেক পয়াসার দরকার হয় তার জন্য কর্ম করতে হয়, <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/swami-vivekananda-life-history19_19.html" target="_blank">কর্মযোগ</a></b> নিয়ে আরো আরেক দিন বলবো, আজ বলবো <b>ভ্রমণ</b> নিয়ে, <b>ভ্রমণ</b> করার জন্য প্রকৃতির প্রতি প্রেম থাকতে হবে, আমার ধারণা প্রকৃতির প্রতি প্রেম মানুষের জন্মগত অধিকার এই প্রেম মানুষের নাড়ির টানের সম্পর্ক এ যাবেনা কঠোর ও নিঠুর মানুষও প্রকৃতি কে ভালোবাসে, তাই এই টান মানুষের কোনোদিন যাবেনা আর <b>ভ্রমণ</b> বন্ধ হবেনা, দেশের ভিতরেও অনেক জায়গা আছে যেখানে আমরা কম খরচে <b>ভ্রমণ</b> করে আসতে পারি, বিষেস করে আমাদের মন যদি <b>ভ্রমণ</b> পিপাসু হয়। এক ঘেয়েমি জীবন কে দূরে সরিয়ে রেখে মাঝে মাঝেই দূরে কোথাও উড়ে যেতে ইচ্ছে করে, <b>ভ্রমণ</b> করতে ইচ্ছে করে । <b>ভ্রমণ</b> পিপাসু মানুষদের জন্য কিছু জায়গার নাম ও ঠিকানা দিলাম, </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKF-ZVr19cq3ccTq60GVUmjTFpVpYmJzOZnf28QrSAes_xy6FWpC_rXXaSi4dIEjfDoL6bdFIX1DuFSCtBKyvpF4c4kFhuAsjfmoER_wLhyphenhyphencgjaj3wB4QxBmOazCtu4CNKSKqpIYmCXxk/s400/gangtok-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ভ্রমণ" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKF-ZVr19cq3ccTq60GVUmjTFpVpYmJzOZnf28QrSAes_xy6FWpC_rXXaSi4dIEjfDoL6bdFIX1DuFSCtBKyvpF4c4kFhuAsjfmoER_wLhyphenhyphencgjaj3wB4QxBmOazCtu4CNKSKqpIYmCXxk/w320-h240/gangtok-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ভ্রমণ" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;">গ্যাংটক</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p dir="ltr"><br /><b>
গ্যাংটক</b><br /> <b>গ্যাংটক</b> ৫,৫০০ ফুট উচ্চতায় অবস্থিত সিকিমের।</p><p dir="ltr">
রাজধানী শহর গ্যাংটক আধুনিক এক পাহাড়ি<br />
শহর। হোটেল, রেস্তোরাঁ, ক্যাফেটেরিয়া, শপিং<br />
মল, দোকানপাট— সব মিলিয়ে এক জমজমাট শহর। রকমারি বিনোদনের ব্যবস্থা যেমন আছে, ভরপুর প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্য মুগ্ধ করছে পর্যটকদের। ক্যাসিনোর হরেক রোমাঞ্চকর খেলায় (রুলেট, স্লট মেশিন, ফ্লাশ<br />
ইত্যাদি) কুঁদ হতে পারেন ইচ্ছে করলেই। মে ফেয়ার’ ও ‘রয়েল প্লাজা’ এই দুটি হোটেলে রয়েছে ক্যাসিনো এবং সেগুলো খোলা থাকে দুপুর ২টা থেকে পরদিন ভোর ৪টা পর্যন্ত। আর ছাঙ্গু-নাথুলা-বাবা মন্দির সফরে।<br />
মাথাপিছু ভাড়া পড়বে ৮০০-১,০০০ টাকা ।<br />
তবে সিজন ভেদে ভাড়ার তারতম্য হয় এই সফরে।<br /><b>
কীভাবে যাবেন</b><br />
শিয়ালদা, হাওড়া কিংবা কলকাতা স্টেশন থেকে ছাড়া উত্তরবঙ্গগামী ট্রেন ধরে নামতে হবে নিউ জলপাইগুড়ি স্টেশনে। সেখান থেকে গাড়ি ভাড়া করে চলে আসুন ১২৫ কিলোমিটার দূরবর্তী গ্যাংটকে। পুরা গাড়ি রিজার্ভ করলে ভাড়া পড়বে ৩,০০০-৩,৫০০ টাকা (ছোট গাড়ি), আর সুরে, ইনোভা। ইত্যাদি বড় গাড়ি নিলে ভাড়া ৩,৫০০ ৪,০০০ টাকা। সময় লাগবে ৩-৪ ঘণ্টা। ধর্মতলা থেকে ছাড়া বাস কিংবা বিমানে গেলে বাগডোগরা বিমানবন্দর থেকে শিলিগুড়ি হয়ে চলে আসতে পারেন গ্যাংটকে। গাড়ি ভাড়া মোটামুটি একই পড়বে। তবে কম<br />
খরচে আসতে চাইলে শিলিগুড়ি এস এন টি বাসস্ট্যান্ড থেকে ছাড়া গ্যাংটক গামী বাস কিংবা শেয়ার জীপ ধরে চলে আসতে পারেন গ্যাংটক। বাসে মাথাপিছু ভাড়া ১২০ গ্যাংটক সাইট সিয়িং করতে খরচ পড়বে।<br />
টাকা। শেয়ার জিপে পড়বে ৩০০ -৪০০ টাকা।।<br />
২,৫০০-৩,০০০ টাকা (পুরাে গাড়ি রিজার্ভ সিমলা, </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0TfUYdPKjOs4fLOK6XbBcGcdZjh5B-91ITu9JQnxBSQpBTAHcjYa8ruCpVXpEtX3pDIAv_og7t45qK0KwlZNh4znYQsJ1U0NstikGuxr6XCf_14O4ZG8WDupwH4CtQmbuhGOufgpuzCA/s400/Sikkim-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ভ্রমণ" border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0TfUYdPKjOs4fLOK6XbBcGcdZjh5B-91ITu9JQnxBSQpBTAHcjYa8ruCpVXpEtX3pDIAv_og7t45qK0KwlZNh4znYQsJ1U0NstikGuxr6XCf_14O4ZG8WDupwH4CtQmbuhGOufgpuzCA/w320-h213/Sikkim-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ভ্রমণ" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;">সিমলা</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p dir="ltr"><b>সিমলা</b> </p><p dir="ltr"><b>সিমলা</b> দিয়েই শুরু হতে পারে হিমাচল <b>ভ্রমণ</b>। সিমলার কাছাকাছি ছড়িয়ে আছে। অপূর্ব সব হিমাচল গ্রাম। অধিকাংশ পর্যটক। সারাদিনের সফরে দেখে নিন চেইল, কুফরি, ফাগুন, মাসে ব্রা, ননদেরা। আবার এসব। জায়গা থেকে বাছাই করা কয়েকটি রাত কোথাও কাটাতে পারলে সে-<b>ভ্রমণে</b> আলাদা আনন্দ। সিমলা থেকে নানা দিকেই এগিয়ে যাওয়া যায়। যাঁরা অ্যাডভেঞ্চার ভালোবাসেন। তারা ঘুরে নিতে পারেন পব্বর ভ্যালি। কুলু মানালি-রোটাং পাস এক চিরকালীন ভ্রমণ, একটু অচেনা-সন্ধানীরা এই পথেই একটা রাত<br />
জগৎসুখ বা নগ্নর বা মণিকরণে কাটাতে পারেন। যাদের একটু লম্বা যাত্রার ধকলে আপত্তি নেই, তারা এগিয়ে যাবেন সারাহান, বাংলা, কলার দিকে। যারা ধর্মতলা, চাম্বা, ডালহৌসি যাবেন, তারা বেড়ানো শুরু করুন।<br />
পাঠানকোটে নেমে সিমলা থেকে চলে যেতে পারেন - অন্যান্য জায়গার নাম -বারোগ, চেইল, কুফরি ও ফাগু, মাতিয়ানা,মাসোব্রা, নলদেরা, সোজা, কুলু, মানালি, সারাহান, সাংলা ও ছিটকুল, কল্পা, নাকো, টাবো, কাজা, কেলং, পব্বর ভ্যালি, খাড়াপাথর, পালাম পুর, ধরমশালা, চাম্বা, ডালহৌসি, খাজিয়ার, <br /><b>
কীভাবে যাবেন</b><br />
হাওড়া থেকে ১২৩১১ কালকা মেল সন্ধে ৭টা ৪০ মিনিটে ছেড়ে তৃতীয় দিন ভোর সাড়ে ৪টায় কালকা পৌঁছায়। ৫২৪৫৩ সিমলা এক্সপ্রেস ভোর ৬টায় কালকা ছেড়ে বেলা ১১টা ৫ মিনিটে পৌঁছায় সিমলা। কালকা<br />
থেকে ৯১ কিলোমিটার ও চন্ডিগড় থেকে ১২০ কিলোমিটার সড়ক পথে গাড়ি কিংবা বাসে চলে আসতে পারেন। রাজ্য পরিবহণের। বাস ছাড়ে সিমলা আসার। প্রাইভেট গাড়ি ভাড়া করেও চলে আসতে পারেন। তবে সমগ্র হিমাচল <b>ভ্রমণ</b> বাসের উপর ভরসা না করে।<br />
গাড়ি ভাড়া করাই শ্রেয়। ছােট গাড়ি ভাড়া পড়বে দৈনিক ২,২০০-২,৫০০ টাকা, সুমান। জাতীয় গাড়ি ২,৮০০-৩,০০০ টাকা, ইনোভা বা জাইলা ৩,৫০০ টাকা, টেম্পার ট্র্যাভেরা। ৪,০০০-৪,৫০০ টাকা তবে কিলােমিটার কমবেশির ওপরে গাড়িভাড়াও ওঠা-নামা করে।</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWfuezpBIQNl_2VeEKYavS9xRb6VNjY3FpFuw7Frsu9O_r2as2FB5swVyYP011o6qkLHc0Ra9vuG_754-OZXSWq_RycCM31iNTglIhJoaRLDsOjSP5MzXPHeHI_9e0vG50cgMdeFN2Sc/s400/karala-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="ভ্রমণ" border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWfuezpBIQNl_2VeEKYavS9xRb6VNjY3FpFuw7Frsu9O_r2as2FB5swVyYP011o6qkLHc0Ra9vuG_754-OZXSWq_RycCM31iNTglIhJoaRLDsOjSP5MzXPHeHI_9e0vG50cgMdeFN2Sc/w320-h213/karala-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="ভ্রমণ" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>কেরালা</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p dir="ltr"><b>কেরালা</b></p><p dir="ltr">ইশ্বরের আপন দেশ কেরালা। মানচিত্র রাজ্যটিকে দেখতে লাগে আরব সাগরের কোল ঘেঁষে লম্বা একটা ফালির মতো। এ রাজ্যে পা রাখার পর থেকেই আলাপুঝা কোল্লামের ব্যাক ওয়াটার, কোভালাম<br />
ভারকালা-চেরাই-কাপ্লাডের সমুদ্র সৈকত, অষ্টমুড়ি-ভেম্বনাদ নামের দুই লেক, মুন্নার পানছড়ি যুগল শৈল শহর নিয়ে কেরল। পর্যটককে মোহিত করে রাখে।<br />
কেরল ঘুরতে হাতে রাখুন ৮-৯ দিন। শুরু করুন কোচিন ও তার দোসর শহর এর্নাকুলাম দিয়ে, থাকুন দু’দিন। কোচিন থেকে বাসে বা গাড়িতে চলুন মুন্নার। দু’দিনে মুন্নার আর তার আশেপাশে দেখে নিতে পারেন। পরবর্তী। গন্তব্য হোক পেরিয়ার। এরপর কোভালাম ও<br />
তিরুবনন্তপুরম। ভারকালা হয়ে চলে যান কুইলন বা কোল্লাম। তারপর জলপথে চলুন। প্রাচ্যের ভেনিস আলেপ্পি বা আলাপুঝা। এক্ষেত্রে যাত্রা শেষ হবে আলেপ্পি থেকে ফের কোচিন পৌঁছে। অথবা ভ্রমনসূচী একটু। রদবদল করে পেরিয়ার-আলেপ্পি-কুইলন<br />
ভারকালা হয়ে কোভালাম ও তিরুবনন্তপুরম<br />
এসেও শেষ করতে পারেন আপনার কেরল <b>ভ্রমণ</b> চক্র। অন্যান্য জায়গার নাম- কোচিন - এর্নাকুলাম, মুন্নার, পেরিয়ার, কোভালম ও তিরুবনন্তপুরম, ভারকালা, আলপ্পি, <br /><b>
কীভাবে যাবেন </b>।<br />
শালিমার থেকে প্রতি রবি ও মঙ্গলবার ছেড়ে এরনাকুলাম জংশন যাচ্ছে ২২৬৪২ ত্রিবান্দম। এক্সপ্রেস আর প্রতি বুধবার ছেড়ে এর্নাকুলাম টাউন যাচ্ছে ১২৬৬০ গুরুদেব এক্সপ্রেস। এছাড়া বৃহস্পতিবার হাওড়া থেকে পাবেন ১২৫১৬ শিলচর-ত্রিবান্দ্রম এক্সপ্রেস ও শনিবার পাবেন ১২৫০৮ শিলচর-ত্রিবান্দ্রম।<br />
এক্সপ্রেস। দুটি ট্রেন এর্নাকুলাম টাউন থামে। টাউন ও জংশন স্টেশন দুটি ৩ কিলোমিটার। দূরত্বের, যাতায়াতের অটো পাওয়া যায়।<br />
</p><p dir="ltr"><b>কেরালা ভ্রমণ</b> </p><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2iRtzT3BoJg" width="480"></iframe>
<font size="6"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2020-07-23T06%3A19%3A00-07%3A00&max-results=7#PageNo=2" target="_blank">Life History</a></font></b>..................... </div>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-84020935519839176962020-08-02T12:17:00.009-07:002020-08-13T10:28:25.054-07:00History of France :the french <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiISzQ_mvpWOz2Olg48pASNZWB3hpgYm2NN__S5YFls6nUbyZbtfKzraPGI7SgIk0quAqYAlZBRcAELqLUONGUZjIKdphWwuyvom7GLEOenPMQC3Hb-tEz1r7n-N6b3Egwo0p8fIoqlA1w/s400/France-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="History of France : French" border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="400" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiISzQ_mvpWOz2Olg48pASNZWB3hpgYm2NN__S5YFls6nUbyZbtfKzraPGI7SgIk0quAqYAlZBRcAELqLUONGUZjIKdphWwuyvom7GLEOenPMQC3Hb-tEz1r7n-N6b3Egwo0p8fIoqlA1w/w320-h158/France-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of France : French" width="320" /></a></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"> <b>History of France : the french</b></h2><div style="text-align: justify;">To revive from your tiredness and pain, with fresh verve anyone can try a hot spring spa asoften as anyone could do so. Heat, buoyancy combinedwith massage, is the principle of operation herein the hot spring spas. It is not just a long relaxationsoak, but it is also about the rapeutic massages done with ajet stream of hot spring water. Stress and blocks arerelieved out and anyone will feel literally like a floaton top of water surface. Sainte-Chapelle Temperature maintainedis to dilate the blood vessels and allow bestcirculation of blood. Endorphins, the natural painkillers of the body, are released in optimal amounts. Blood circulation in the body increasesto relax the aching muscles readily. Physicians are suggesting thehot spring spa therapies to patients that are victimizedto debilitating diseases. Spring water has nutritionrich and highly recommended to be used inmassages and the rapies. Spring water bottled closed to thesources, are the best options to use. It can be effective and usefulwith high mineral value. There are certain spas where anyone can beassured of best rejuvenation to the body. It is mainly just because of thetype of spring water they use and the herbs they use to anoint andheal guests coming to these salons. Choose your destination and pay a visitto enjoy your holidays this time. Ties with Russia for France havealways been limited in the past. That may be the reasonwhy the Ukrainian-French relations remained a bitcontradictory ever since. Kyuivan Rus periods were notexception to that fact. The relations between France and Ukraine were intertwined. Even today the visas servicesare not less standardized. Getting a French SchemeVisa is no more a daunting task as anyone have assumedinto be once upon a time. Yes, it is literally made to bea completely easiest best task now with the advent of optimizedvisa assistance services. Wondering what on earth is that? It is one noble visaservice that helps anyone get your France visawithout any hassles. Anyone need not even have to appear for apersonal interview with the visa examiner. The papers are preparedin such a neat fashion to impress the visaofficials to smoothly get your visas sanctionedto visit France as anyone have planned inthe particular dates.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Reputation and relationship If in case, anyone are to visit France on very short notice, then it may not be possible for anyone if anyone are a firsttime traveller to this part of the world. Having said that anyone may ask why. It is nothing but the so many documentationtasks that are to be done prior to submitting your application or requestfor a visa, in the very first place. Secondly, when the Visa officer isexamining you, anyone is to answer in the most pleasing manner, to prove thatanyone will not stay there once for all. If the officer is convincedthen they will grant the visa stamp or elsesimply reject your plea. Your money, time and efforts canall go in pure vain when anyone do not get the visa as anyoneplanned or expected at least. France Visa Service is affordable. So, how to steer clear fromthis trouble filled route? Optimised visa assistanceservices are the ideal solution. They know how to handle it efficiently. They are well trained to do so. Highly experienced staffmembers are capable of serving anyone tothe best potential. Anyone get your visa in time andthe fees that anyone pays are low. So why wait anymore then, call here,to get the service readily right now. Notre Dame de Paris This is the Iconic Gothicchurch that has a lot of links.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> There are number ofinteresting places to visit here, that lured inthe attention of the masses from around the world, and also from the neighboring states of Europe in particular. If anyone has ever been to France already,then anyone is sure to pay a visit again for its superb landmark beautiesand natural scenic vistas all around. Bordeaux Cathedral is just a classicalexample to prove that point. It is not just the Bordeaux Cathedral alone though. Ask the experts of the RealisticSolutions and they are to tell anyone many interesting facts about the Bordeaux Montaigne University, boarding in and around thecity center, entertainment, tours, dining, nightlife,casinos, pubs, bars, and so on. Realistic Solutions can be a single onlinehub, where anyone can get things done to completion without having to run hereand there to do your bookings separately.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Arc de Triomphe Triumphal arch and the nationalmonument is world famous. Even when anyone are tohire a car to travel to the Bordeaux MontaigneUniversity, anyone can just get it planned with the executivestaff members of the Realistic Solutions to make sure that anyone are comfortableand safe during your travel. Not just in France alone though,anyone can prepare to travel anywhere in the world, whenanyone deal with the experts. Calanque tour will accompanya lot of Colleges and Universities onyour way for real. D'Aquitaine must be includedin the itinerary without fail, if anyone is heading tothe Eiffel Tower in Paris. Similarly, French Riviera is amajor point of interest too. Almost all the tourists try to chill outin the French Riviera without fail. Important something to remember again hereis the bookings that anyone will have to do readily in the Realistic Solutions withoutfail to avoid any frustration later on. Grand Theaters de Bordeaux When anyone travels to Muséed'Aquitain, do not forget to visit the adjacentattractions in the proximity. Musée d'Aquitaine is something that canflatter anyone at the very sight of it. Musée Matisse, has somethingspecial for anyone too. Especially artistic peoplewill not forget to visit Musée Matisse when theytravel all the way to France. Notre Dame de Paris pulls inmajority of the tourists to this part of the world regularly,all throughout the year. Tourists spend a lot oftime at Notre Dame de Paris as well as at Notre-Dame de la Garde too. The best part about the Notre-Damede la Garde visits is that anyone can cover all the neighboringattractions too at one stretch. Costs of the overall touringwill be minimal when anyone has booked everything through Realistic Solutions. French connections with Ukraine Ukraine is one of thelargest European countries. It is larger than even France if anyonecalculate the land area in square km. the biggest European countriessuch as Spain, Sweden and Poland, will all come onlynext to Ukraine in size. Even from population consideration Ukraine is quite huge. It ranks number fifthin the whole of Europe. Its population isabout 51 million approximately accordingto last decade census. By now it would have grownfar more due to so many reasons while immigrationbeing the prime most cause. Almost ninety people live in about everysquare kilometer area in Ukraine. This kind of populationdensity is the peculiar beauty of themost urbanized nation. On the whole if anyone considersthe whole of Europe as an average 67 people live inalmost every square kilometer. Landmark 324.0 meters-high19th-century tower In case if anyone are intending to rentan apartment in Ukraine then the best decision is to look for an online realtoragency to assist anyone in your endeavor. It could ease your search by far. Just in case if anyonelooking for one in Kharkov Ukraine, then it is surelya best choice of location. Anyone could find some of thebest apartment Kharkov, for ideally nominal costs when anyonespends a little bit of time. Anyone needs to take the assistance of therealtor agency, as they will be updated with the latest information about the rentalsthat are available in the nearest proximity. Kharkov apartment could becostlier at times if anyone intends to avail one in the densest areas of the city. Ask for advice of selectionof arena from the realtor consultants itself to select theideal apartment in Kharkov. Kharkov Ukraine is one of the bestplaces in the locality to live in. especially when anyone are looking tofind Ukraine apartments as a student there are lot of places where anyonecould get concessions as student. University Kharkov accommodation facilitiesare available for nominal costs. It is all dependent upon the type ofuniversity that anyone are studying in. anyone might get admitted into certainuniversities along with special scholarships and assistantships that will aid anyoneto get financial support for lodging. During your travel to Kharkov,anyone should decide on what are all the areas that anyone likes to coverin the shortest span of time. In that way, anyone will notmiss some of the exotic locations in the localitywhich are a must see. Paris and the master class artists Paris is called as the city of lights. European cities stated to adopt thegas street lighting seeing the developments happening at that pointof time in the French city of Paris. The city is surely 2000 years old. One can assess the depth of the French culture, the language and many other interesting andheritage rich past of the France. Paris civilization and social living Paris used to be one ofthe fishing villages, when Julius Caesar conqueredthis part of France. It was during the Roman<b> </b>Empire,<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqtGKCgiN3LpvlEqLZOxxQdQqpcHyX7iwbZkKG_ENqb8WjVK3tOZgPo5twXSn-Pl-1gEw4A9nN7Klns86jt21ZpP_yV8qk2RfnBlp3cxonPkzXuubRtWXE7uF9sDRwutihncypk72fNw/s400/Roman-Empire-2+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of France : French" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqtGKCgiN3LpvlEqLZOxxQdQqpcHyX7iwbZkKG_ENqb8WjVK3tOZgPo5twXSn-Pl-1gEw4A9nN7Klns86jt21ZpP_yV8qk2RfnBlp3cxonPkzXuubRtWXE7uF9sDRwutihncypk72fNw/w320-h240/Roman-Empire-2+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of France : French" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/norman-sack-of-rome-1084-norman13.html" target="_blank">Roman Empire</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> the expansionintensified towards the left bank, and the reputation grown to summit heightsfor Paris eventually within years. Today, it is one of the toprated cities of the world. Immobile is the word given to thelatest real estate agents who aid anyone to look for your best newhouses anywhere in the Paris city. Few of the prominent names in the trade doserve exemplary services to the client. It is completely worththe amount of money that is spent on these realtorsto buy new home Paris. They have their own dedicated websitesshowcasing the various special features available with them for the clientsto make the best use of the services. The realtors offer developments almostin every other department of the Greater Paris as well as in most of the townsin and around the grandee couronne. If anyone want to look into the south-eastof the Paris, the immobile do offer opportunities that are immense and of qualityin the Châtillon and Sceaux regions. Centre Georges Pompidou Imagine if anyone are interested to movedown for further south, towards the Antony. It is really a wonderful choice of wisdom. It is because of the adequatefacilities of this locality. It is a well plannedtownship with good public transport links to almostall the major areas. If anyone wants to look into themore residential areas, your choices could be fulfilled better waysfrom the western Paris arena. Especially the realtors have detailedinformation and well knit sources of contact with these bullish realtorareas of Sèvres and Suresnes. More options are there in the regionsin and around the Montrouge. Anywhere in proximity to thisarea is quite an attractive suburban choice for theprofessional communities. The Louvre Getting new apartmentshere is the fashion trend currently among thetop working classes. Whole heap of realtors do really concentrateand focus upon these regions for making some reliable fast bucks out ofmerely soliciting transfer of properties. Still it is done withnaïve; right choice for the right client isalways a sure success. If anyone is in look out of moresimilar kind of new apartments then anyone could really lookinto one more region essentially. It is just the inner suburban centerswhich are found in the Saint-Denis as well as the Le Plessis-Trévise just exactlyto the northern side of the Paris. In the same directionlies the other wonderful similar option, the LesPavillons-sous-Bo. Anyone dream choice to buy newhome Paris could very well be finalized here and no more draggingon your search any further. This could be the ultimate choice and itis the north western region of le raincy. Realtors are targeting the seregions big time and the sales of new properties in these regionsare increasing every day. Paris being the executive hub of the whole of France, it is almost everyone who wants to be a part ofthese densely populated regions. It is to take advantage of thisthick populous place for their commercial reasons and sometimesto cut down costs as well. Anyone get it all in one place whichminimizes your corporate costs annually. Such a resourceful destination is agreat choice to invest and to buy new home Paris is some sort of lifetimeachievements for a common man. France after Napoleon Once the monarchy was reversed, the plightof the commons significantly changed. The<b> </b>French revolution andthe aftermath changes kindled the interests of very many countries in and around the world, to starttheir own rebel groups to come free like France against the monarchs. There were significant changes thatled to renaissance in France sooner. The place become one of theinstrumental contributing sources for industrialization, and standardized aswell as developed economies of the world. French violins, the ultimate choiceof yours become world famous. With superb tonal registeredproperties, the<b> </b>French violins are just an excellentalternative for all those Italian violins whichcould be said as those highly expensive modelsof violins in the world. Made by violin manufacturers of the France, the French violins are just not only beautiful for outlookbut also excellent enough to play. The strings of the French violin could just produce bright as well as thosepeculiar kind of rich sounds that would be bestsuited to all the needs and requirements of agreat violin performer. The French violin is usuallylabeled by the generic name of its specific kindalong the manufacturer as well as the year by whichit was made, according the specifications of musical codes in France. Jean-Baptist Vuillaume,the François Chanot, the Georges Chanot, the Victor Henri, and the Nicolas Lupot were worldrenowned as they are some of those highly esteemedand most famous ones amidst the French violin makers. They are of the past records. Most of those notableones of the French violin makers would justbelong to Mirecourt. This is quite a famous town located nearlyabout 100 miles of distance from Paris. The town of Mirecourt wasregarded as the center for the French violinmanufacturing of those days. French violins are still availablein a wide range of different sizes. They range from about 4/4 to thefull size violin, the premium 3/4, 1/2, the optimal 1/4 to 1/8as well as the 1/10 to 1/16. Either a novice or apro, a French violin is something what could attractanyone by all means. They are very much suited for the beginnersor else for the professionals as well. The French violins do haveexceptional qualities which are making themto be so unique. The essential aspectthat makes them world famous and prominent tohave such high demands all around the year, from all around theglobe is just their Ultra-clean workmanship and the usage of verygood quality materials. When anyone is assured of those fundamental two parameters, it governs the long lasting durability of the French violinand also many other special attributes. It might include theexcellent tonal properties. It is not the violins alone, but the French wine, and the French culinary tools and equipment and many other automobilesare world class in standards today.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> They are affordable atquite a wide range of prices according to the demands and needs of the combinations ofaccessories that comes along with the purchase ofthose French violins. Anyone could pick and choose themodels and configuration what anyone need to purchase and then anyone could place your order. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Nowadays online ordering facilitiesare available for anyone to get it all done very easilyand faster ways as well. Anyone could pay them throughonline money transaction modes. French products are having a specialwelcome from the international consumer’s society today for the immenseemphasis made on the quality aspects. Buyers can get the mshipped directly to your dwelling place by payinga few extra bucks. Some of those standard brands do provideanyone offer in the shipping facilities based on the respective areas of theglobe upon which anyone are residing.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Buying French violins fromviolin makers is a great idea to do so instead of buyingit from the violin shops. For this anyone will have to traveldeep inside to small hamlets to find some wonderful pieces of Frenchviolins at pretty affordable prices. France today is completelyindependent devoid of any hassles. To social and economicalconditions are good enough to live prosperous for the localresidents in France today. French language is sufficientlydiscreet from Latin. With that said, one can understand the independent language that is unique, might date back to very many number of years even before the history of Latin.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30sG7DKf28D2cPEmW-PeBKrPzKO854Q76t-NfOkSrg50qYasyTB63xUwsA2DLF0LohIjZGDS0oXDZPE-oNS6k2EoRjv6Udmmhq9OG5eM0wsnAnePNv7KyKNDlpdXSbxYNDvT46whGmwo/s300/napoleon-bonaparte-8.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of France : French" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="255" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30sG7DKf28D2cPEmW-PeBKrPzKO854Q76t-NfOkSrg50qYasyTB63xUwsA2DLF0LohIjZGDS0oXDZPE-oNS6k2EoRjv6Udmmhq9OG5eM0wsnAnePNv7KyKNDlpdXSbxYNDvT46whGmwo/w272-h320/napoleon-bonaparte-8.jpg" title="History of France : French" width="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-decline-part-3-1812.html" target="_blank">Napoleon Bonaparte</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> French history hence datesback to 2000 years or more. The early oaths of Strasbourg are aclassical example to prove a point there. French revolution againstthe monarchy, the French influence in the Americanwar of independence, and the infamous king Louis XVI, make upmost part of the history of French events. The two Louis rulers led the countryto almost a state of bankruptcy. Napoleon Bonaparte<b> </b> is the big man who brought in therevolutionary changes to acclaim throne, but under the big democratic republic ofFrance with monarch reversed once for all. The North western country of the continentof Europe is République Francaise. It is one of the historicallyand culturally signification nations of the world alluntil now as France. République Francaise played quite a key role in the international affairssince centuries now. République Francaise, hadcolonies all over the globe just like how the sun never setting empire of the British had once. Pyrenees and Alps areboundaries that fortify France. Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean seas are the other boundaries forRépublique Française.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">It was the linguistic bridgethat connected the northern and the southern part ofthe continent as a whole. Agricultural empire of France isthe backbone of world economy. France is a person. While England is an empire, and <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/08/History-of-Germany%20.html" target="_blank">Germany</a></b> is regarded as a nation, people call France to be a person for itsimportance given to the commons. Imposing unity out of the bluesis not possible in any nation. It has to be spontaneous just likehow it was and it is now in France. République Française, was engaged inlong term disputes with many other fellow nations of Europe and evenwith <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank">the United States of America</a></b>.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9C9N_4_QS3Z1NkSVdCdifmVFz_019rMblQkIz8zL8h0W2O61qj7IcE0hzrSmbVeD3oqRbgw8LRdFGhg8cV9vMnJ6RAC1a2WRRwZ25YpBnC2BkJjfslgjiG2YBGhKkyA_arxUpADaNw9E/s400/The-United-States-of-America-4+.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of France : French" border="0" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="400" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9C9N_4_QS3Z1NkSVdCdifmVFz_019rMblQkIz8zL8h0W2O61qj7IcE0hzrSmbVeD3oqRbgw8LRdFGhg8cV9vMnJ6RAC1a2WRRwZ25YpBnC2BkJjfslgjiG2YBGhKkyA_arxUpADaNw9E/w320-h185/The-United-States-of-America-4+.jpg" title="History of France : French" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank">the United States</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Western end of the great Eurasianlandmass is République Francaise. Low lying plains, and massifswith mountain blocks make up for most part ofRépublique Francaise. Monarchy in crisis Prelude to the revolution in France, the involvement of France in the American Revolution provedto be a costlier indulgence. It was the extravagant spendingfrom King Louis XVI who ruled the country from 1754 till 1793that triggered the out burst. The outburst was the French revolution. French revolution Modern European <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">history</a></b> andthe watershed moment of that, is the French revolutionthat began in 1789. The revolution ended by 1790s later on. It was the ascent of <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-conquest-of-europe.html" target="_blank">Napoleon</a></b> that brought in massive changes to theautocrats domination. Razing and redesigning of the landscapeof France was done by their politicians precisely to meet the interests of thecommons, as a democratic French republic. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">In alienable right, and the conceptof sovereignty were the basic beliefs of both the American revolutions andthe French revolutions eventually. Enlighten principle shedlight on the vitalities to fulfill the interests of the commons, needy and insane. Even thought, the revolution did notachieve its all goals, the chaotic blood bath has to come to an end and thatis how the revolution came to an end. This revolution played a pivotalrole in shaping up the modern nations today includingIceland, Greenland and Ukraine. Beginning of the French nationand French-Iceland connections Early settlers to the Icelandwere people from France. It was in 874 AD. They found it to be a preeminent option. The first settler at thattime was Ingólfur Arnarson. He got settled in Reykjavík. Most of the settlers from France atthat time were, the small rulers. Where is Iceland- land ofhot and cold surprises? One of the sparsely populated islands inthe northern Atlantic region of globe, which is so popular across the world formany hot springs there, is Iceland. The number of volcanoes and the geysersout here in Iceland makes it to be one significant landmark, for the explorers todig for more details about the locality. As there are massive amounts of moltenlava underneath the surface of earth here, it becomes easier for the locals to pumphot water out to heat the buildings. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Since 1944 Iceland has becomes oneindependent nation on its own. As of today, Iceland is one of the mostprosperous economies of the world. Apart from that theglobal warming threat because of the humaninhabitation will also add fuel to the fire to have a serious influenceon the weather conditions of the island. Some of these touristsare regular enough too, to come and enjoy theirstay in Iceland where the cost of living is not as dearer as it isin many other parts of Europe or Americas. Immigrants from Norway and Sweden are morehere compared to other parts of Europe. Yet, the population outhere is sparse to not to be competent enough inthe world wide rankings. Medieval Europe and timeline The affluence enjoyed by thelocals here earlier was just because of the prosperousfishing industry out here. Later on, with the banking systemcollapse by around 2008, economic model of the nation of Icelandwas proven to be vulnerable. The glaciers that anyone sees in Icelandcannot be compared to something what anyone see in Tibet or China orany other part of the world as such. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is one entirely different somethingthat can astound the tourists. Bitter cold water and thefrozen lakes in Iceland, make life difficult in thewinter seasons in special. It is why the populationin this part of the world is too meager compared tothe tropical countries. Adapting to live in this environ can be a big challenge for those who are not used toit, right from their birth. When anyone looks throughthe global map to zero in on where isIceland most of the times anyone will not be able to strike any bigdifference with the neighboring nations. Arctic and the Antarcticzones of the globe mostly constitute ice lands ofmuch kind just like this. Inhabitation of human kind in thesezones is not possible completely yet. In fact, accessing to these dangerous parts of the world is not yet completely possible in spite of the technological advancements of the massive kind. Royals and the Jacobins End of the nobles, and the royals was versioned earlier by the rebel leaders hiding inIceland on exile from France. Contours here, were not easy, though. Exploring earth is not easy though. Yet, a long way to go, when anyonecount on major part of the ocean and the land masses of the materialearth as such, for the human kind.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> At least Iceland is completely within ourreach, so make the most out of it, by paying a visit to this part of the world,to enjoy your holidays completely. Interesting stats aboutthe population of Iceland From around hundred thousandpeople in the 1060s, in all these five decadesand more time, the current population ofIceland has come up to only four hundred thousand people approximately. 328170 is the overall populationto be precise with the numbers. Interestingly, the male and femaleratio here is just about fifty-fifty. The point to note here is that thisnumber is just after the inclusion of the immigrants to Iceland inall these fifty years’ time span. An activity rate that is reportedto be in the order of about 82.4% with just about half of the population in the labour class, the country’s economic growthcould be at stake over a period of time if anythingmaterialistic is not done soon. The landscape has not cometo lot of changes since millions of years now to befeared by anyone as such. Yet, the population growth is not quitesignificant by any means though. Population of Iceland could besomething surprising to other major parts of the world, like India in special. Yes, with such a big land massto rank eighteenth in the whole world, Iceland has some meageramount of population of its own. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">In spite of the hugeland mass available here for natural vegetationand other resources, no one comes for ward to migrate to this partof the world for safety reasons as yet. It is because of the too many volcanoes thatis still alive and expected to be alive for so many millions of years to come,that are seen in action now in Iceland’s. It is why anyone can be able toheat the commercial properties with just hot water pumped from beneaththe earth’s surface here in Iceland. Vikings in France Vikings attack was one of the major threatsto not only France but also for the major parts of north Western Europe for more than 400 years between 8th and the 12th century. They were hiding in Iceland in particular. They attacked coastal areas of France in particular repeatedly but harshly. One of the most sparselypopulated countries of the world in spite of the very big landmass out here is Iceland. Population here believes in elves still. They are a cosmopolitan race fromdiverse parts of Europe in special. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The early inhabitants to this part of the world were from Norway and Ireland and hence anyone can see the descendants from that origin in essential. Yet, if anyone digsinto the roots of the origin anyone will endup finding nowhere as it is past so many generationsnow since the find of the wonderland inthe 9th century B.C. Regardless of the sparsepopulation of Iceland one thing that anyoneshould not forget about is nothing but the glowing economy that the nation was enjoying alluntil the recent 2008. It was just after that the economic collapse has led to the downfall ofthe nation big time. Other wise, the major source of income for the Iceland government was just the fishing industry andthe tourism industry in special. Tourists from all around the world areinterested in visiting Iceland for the so many natural attractions outthere and the wonderful monuments of the manmadekind here as well. Anyone can get to know some ofthe rarest cultures that are uncommon to the other traditionsof the world, here in Iceland.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Rebuttal from French army Even though the Vikings attacks from Iceland and Norway were surprising and speedy enough to be a real menace,the rebuttal for steady and solid. Strong defense was there with the Charlemagne armies at that point of time. They never went out of theirboundaries to attack, though. That eased of the Vikings torest and attack from Iceland. Iceland is located in the eastern side of Greenland. Anyone can find it to be just next tothe southern tip of the Arctic Circle. It is one of the prominentlandmarks that are situated in theconfluence of two oceans. Yes, the arctic and the ant arcticoceans surround the Iceland. It is just about 820 km from Scotland in Europe and farther from NYC, America, as the distance will stretch out to about Four thousand odd kilometers by air route. It is the eighteenth largest nation in the world, when anyone counts on the area. If anyone is to visit Iceland from Londonor Paris or anywhere from Copenhagen or nearby places in Europe, then it can takeanyone a good three hours journey by flight. Yes, it is not in your proximity for sure. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Imagine then how it could have beenpossible for the first permanent settler to this part of the world,right from Norway, in the year 874. Carnarvon resided here in the present day renowned Reykjavik. All the way from Norway, the permanent settler paved way for big communitiesto emerge later on. Occupants from Ireland as well as from Norway potentially increased over a period of time as they saw potentialfor agricultural lands in Iceland. There are plenty of areasof interest if anyone closely looks into thedetails of the Iceland map. Volcanoes, natural hotsprings, waterfalls, and lighthouses constitutemost part of the map. National parks and the nationalreserves are in plenty as of today. As anyone can see in the map,Iceland is about 603 miles when anyone travels from Norway along the sea route. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Topography of Iceland and the pretty muchjagged coastline is what that is considered to be one of the most spectacular kinds outof all the other specialties of this place. It is a quite clear and buoyantenvironment out here in Iceland. Anyone can reach Iceland fromthe other way around too. There is a round trip flight from Chicago to Iceland which will not cost anyonemore than five bills. Keflavik international Airport is where anyone will have to gain access into the country if anyone is coming frommost parts of the European countries. Most of the North American countrieshave direct flights to Iceland too. How about a trip rounding the whole of the Iceland or island? Yes, it is an island atany given day as anyone could have made outfrom the Iceland map. It is just a ring road that spansto a distance of about 831 miles or so at the most, which can cover the circumference of the whole Iceland. If anyone is travelling in that route,anyone can come across a lot of waterfalls, glaciers and geysersbefore anyone complete your journey. Black sand beaches, hot springs, live volcanoes that spit lava andso on, many beautiful natural scenic vistas are just partand parcel of this landscape. In fact, quirkiness is the absolute beauty here to count on. As one would easily guess it to be, thisis bitter cold part of the globe where anyone need to be completely equippedto face the sharp minus degree wind and mostly drizzling kind of climaticconditions all throughout the year.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Movable and immovableglaciers here that are found to be melting all the while in certain degrees are the major reasons thatinfluence the climatic conditions here in thispart of the World. Iceland weather is also affected badlyby the frequent eruption in the volcanoes as the island is filled withfull of volcanoes, springs, waterfalls, and many interesting best naturalscenic vistas of all the kind. Eruptions from the volcanoes, the dust and the fumes as well as thesmoke can have a great influence in the airconditions and hence influence the climate prevailingin Iceland as well. Seasonal variations can justbe approximate predictions here as it is prone tochange big time every year. Iceland weather can’t stay constantas it is of one unwavering nature. 15th century France Charles VII dominated in the 15th century France along with Louis XI. They have better control during those days with the neighboring empires too. They had Iceland under theircontrol and Norway too.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Yet, their indulging in foreignaffairs were detrimental to the powerful army theyhad at that point of time. Indulging and interveningin foreign affairs, like the Americanrevolutions or the portages colonization’s, Spanishimperialism, or Iceland internal affairs, led to medievalage decline in France. CFC is the standards of the climaticconditions here in Iceland. It means oceanic coldest climaticconditions of the severe kind. North Atlantic currentpasses through the Iceland. This is responsible forthe temperate climatic conditions which are not quitecommon for an island in this particular latitudewhile being situated close to the southern part ofthe Arctic hemisphere. French Riviera It is comparable to Iceland palace. On top of that there is one more reason thatsubsides the bitter cold conditions and makes it to be a reasonable climate to barefor the dwellers in this part of the world, and it is nothing but the armiger current. It is why the islands overall temperatureis found to be of the modest kind to live. Still if anyone closely observesthe climatic conditions out there in Iceland, the weatheris found to be highly variable. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Anyone can see the aurora borealismost often during the winter nights. At the same time anyonecan see the sun in the midnight too during thesummer seasons when anyone is residing in the island of grimseyor somewhere close to the northern coast. Sacré-Cœur, Paris It is one of the major attractionsin the capital city for France. Winter is actually mild herein this part of the Europe compared to its latitudinalpositioning on earth. 32 degrees Fahrenheit or zero degreesCelsius in winter are quite common. There are the highlands whereanyone can experience a bit worse climatic conditions to the tuneof minus degree of 10 to 25 too. So far Iceland weatherhas gone to the worst of about -39 degreeCelsius at the most. Tourists to this part of the worldcome prepared to take it, and accept the smell of the water withsculpture aroma, frequent rains, and reddish sunsets, smoky dusts incertain parts of the island, and so on. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Especially if anyone is to takethe round trip of the whole island which spans around the circum ference of the Iceland, anyone can experiencewhole lot of wonders on your way during this 850 mile odd journey. There is plenty to capture onyour way, so don’t miss your video cameras to shoot somerarest scenes of nature too. End of French revolution -Rise of <a href="#" id="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-birth-of-emperor.html" name="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-birth-of-emperor.html"><b>Napoleon</b></a> the Great National convention happened in France in 1795. First ever bicameral legislature putforth an end to the reign of terror. Five member directories tookcharge from the executive powers. Jacobins and the royalistswho agitated against the changes were put to silenceby the army and forces. Young and the most successful leader tookover,<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30sG7DKf28D2cPEmW-PeBKrPzKO854Q76t-NfOkSrg50qYasyTB63xUwsA2DLF0LohIjZGDS0oXDZPE-oNS6k2EoRjv6Udmmhq9OG5eM0wsnAnePNv7KyKNDlpdXSbxYNDvT46whGmwo/s300/napoleon-bonaparte-8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="History of France : French" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="255" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30sG7DKf28D2cPEmW-PeBKrPzKO854Q76t-NfOkSrg50qYasyTB63xUwsA2DLF0LohIjZGDS0oXDZPE-oNS6k2EoRjv6Udmmhq9OG5eM0wsnAnePNv7KyKNDlpdXSbxYNDvT46whGmwo/w272-h320/napoleon-bonaparte-8.jpg" title="History of France : French" width="272" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> and he was <b>Napoleon Bonaparte</b>. Changes came in his rule. Changes in economy, social lifestyle, and eradication of poverty, seeds of industrialization and manymore changes came in successively. Much of the European content was dominated by France under napoleon sera which ended in 1821. Eiffel Tower is one of the wrought ironlattice towers of Europe that was designed to perfection in 1889 commemorating the centenarycelebrations of the French revolution. Musée d'Orsay Certain essential landmarks are of tourist’s interests here, like the Louvre and the Sainte-Chapelle or the Centre Georges Pompidou and so forth. Champs-Élysées is world famous too. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The design of Gustav Eiffelwas chosen unanimously, when there were morethan 700 applicants. Similarly, there are so many populace placestoday here like Notre Dame de Paris as well as the Arc de Triomphe or the Palaceof Versailles and the diverse destinations. Pamper yourselves in excess at abest spring spa for holidays. All of us deserve a break at onepoint of time or the other. Vacations are just meant for that. Planning for holidays is a pleasure. When anyone run short ofideas, anyone can refer here. Yes, anyone show anyone the pathto relaxation, if not salvation. Palace of Versailles This is one of the Louis XIV'sgilded palaces and the gardens. France is one ideal tourist destination. In excess of 1200 springs in France isthe reason for so many spas out here. There are more than hundredspas in this part of the world. History of spas in France dates backto about two thousand odd years. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">There are plenty of refreshing activitie slinked to hot bathing in the spas. Medical properties of thenaturally occurring spring water from hundreds of sources herein France, help to heal people. Issues related to pathologysuch as osteoporosis or sleep apnea or rheumatologyand other tobacco related addictions, canbe cured using the best chiropractic proceduresadopted in the French spas. A vacation to France cannot be complete without having visited one ofthe best spas out here. Hot spring spa resembles your Jacuzzi. It is meant for relaxationto body and mind.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>History of France</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7FpeWSFTFRk" width="480"></iframe> </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><font size="6"><a href="#" id="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" name="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/">Life History</a></font></b></div>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-82596115000706202642020-08-01T04:16:00.008-07:002020-08-13T10:45:47.256-07:00History of Germany <div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEFPanXrrN0FXUbHAk94cIJl1KPkjy4cBgiMHSDPzaDECxpQdvXDNRJNqSGi8YVQJHtV1HiEEFk3LSFZoBnmdvkhjwtr_s_ZW4JRgKMz7OgrLt5hkUXbreTuD7Kddn99svxsPIC37_PfU/s300/20200801_155830.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Germany" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEFPanXrrN0FXUbHAk94cIJl1KPkjy4cBgiMHSDPzaDECxpQdvXDNRJNqSGi8YVQJHtV1HiEEFk3LSFZoBnmdvkhjwtr_s_ZW4JRgKMz7OgrLt5hkUXbreTuD7Kddn99svxsPIC37_PfU/w320-h320/20200801_155830.jpg" title="History of Germany" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">Germany</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b> History of Germany</b></h2><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">The idea of </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Germany</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> as anindividual region in Europe can be traced back to the Era the Roman Commander, Julius Caesar. He had conquered Ghaul (France)and referred to the unconquered area which was further eastof the Rhine as Germania. The Germanic tribes wonthe Battle of Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD againstthe Roman Empire. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the West Germanic Tribes wereconquered by the Franks. Later when the Frankish Empirewas divided among the heirs of Charlemagne in 843, the eastern partcame to be known as East Francia. </span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Otto I became the first emperorof the Holy <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/norman-sack-of-rome-1084-norman13.html" target="_blank">Roman Empire</a> </b>in 962. During the High Middle Ages,the emperors were the ones who gave power and titles to thebishops, dukes and princes. In the year 1517, MartinLuther headed the Protestant Reformation in contradictionto the Catholic churches, converting the entire Northernstates into Protestants, while the Southern statesremained Catholic. There was a thirty years longwar between the two parts of the Holy Roman Empire from the year 1618 - 1648. It had a catastrophic effect on thetwenty million civilians of that time. 1648 finally saw the endof Holy Roman Empire and the rise of a modernnation state system, with that, Germany was dividedinto several independent states like Bavaria,Saxony and Prussia. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqtGKCgiN3LpvlEqLZOxxQdQqpcHyX7iwbZkKG_ENqb8WjVK3tOZgPo5twXSn-Pl-1gEw4A9nN7Klns86jt21ZpP_yV8qk2RfnBlp3cxonPkzXuubRtWXE7uF9sDRwutihncypk72fNw/s400/Roman-Empire-2+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Germany" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAqtGKCgiN3LpvlEqLZOxxQdQqpcHyX7iwbZkKG_ENqb8WjVK3tOZgPo5twXSn-Pl-1gEw4A9nN7Klns86jt21ZpP_yV8qk2RfnBlp3cxonPkzXuubRtWXE7uF9sDRwutihncypk72fNw/w320-h240/Roman-Empire-2+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of Germany" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/norman-sack-of-rome-1084-norman13.html" target="_blank">Roman Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Germany saw the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars in the years 1803 - 1815, with time feudalism fell away, patriotismand liberalism clashed with their response. The March Revolution in theyear 1848 was a failure. Though the industrial Revolutionrationalised the economy of Germany which led to rapid growth the cities andemergence of the Socialist Movement. Berlin a big city, grew in powerand became the capital of Prussia. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Universities of Germany became excellent centres for study ofhumanities and Science. Music and Art flourishedwith the same flair. Amalgamation of the two only happened after the formation of the German Empire in the year 1871 lead by OttoVon Bismarck the Prussian Chancellor. By 1900s Germany was a dominantpower on the continent with its rapidly expandingindustrial economy. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/world-war-i-great-war-life-history.html" target="_blank">World War I</a> </b>1914-1918,Germany had much to do in leading the centralpowers against few States. The German Revolutionof 1918-1919 overthrew many kings and princes offtheir titles, leading to the foundation of an unstable Parliamentarydemocracy known as the Weimar Republic. The year 1930 was a depressing year for thepeople of Germany, unemployment soared and people lost hope in the government,this in turn gave way to the rise of Nazis. Adolf Hitler came to power in the year1933 and established his dictatorship. The Aggressive Nazi policesinitiated the World War II. In 1941 the systematicgenocide known as the Holocaust killed millionsof innocent people. <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-united-states-of-american-country.html" target="_blank">The United States</a></b> enteredthe war in 1942, Germany fought, however they finallycollapsed in May 1945. The German Territories were split,cold war resulted in the country to divide into the Communist East Germany and the Democratic West Germany. Millions of indigenous Germans found it outrageous to stay in the communist areas and fledto the West Germany instead. Rapid economic growth wasexperienced by the West Germany and soon it became a dominanteconomy in Western Europe. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9vPP4e85XhVRAuvGTF6lKFtxOgxCPMtKPdxO_Z-38Gs3gDqd6vfIZAWk03ZRBK_7qy2Jt9nzI39LCip_tjwtpxDmDHE2JSswDQPYa1K7n3rdrDEpZ4sb2pxy1LaRmupUFNf_CpIWYUOU/s511/World-War-1-5.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Germany" border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="511" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9vPP4e85XhVRAuvGTF6lKFtxOgxCPMtKPdxO_Z-38Gs3gDqd6vfIZAWk03ZRBK_7qy2Jt9nzI39LCip_tjwtpxDmDHE2JSswDQPYa1K7n3rdrDEpZ4sb2pxy1LaRmupUFNf_CpIWYUOU/w320-h180/World-War-1-5.jpg" title="History of Germany" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/world-war-i-great-war-life-history.html" target="_blank">World War I</a> </span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">West Germany’s found its way inthe European Union through the Franco-German friendship, whichled to the political integration. The Berlin Wall wasdestroyed and East Germany was reunited with West Germany in the year 1990. Germany was one of the foundingcountries of the Eurozone and till today remains theeconomic power house of Europe. Prehistory Human presence in Germany atleast 600,000 years back was proved when the Mauer 1 mandiblewas discovered in 1907. In 1995, 380,000 year old javelins madeof wood measuring 6 to 7.5 feet about 1.8 to 2.3 meter long were unearthedin a coal mine in Schoningen, Germany. These weapons are considered to be theoldest to be found anywhere in the world. The first non-modern human fossil wasunearthed in the Neander Valley, </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Germany in 1856 and the new speciesof man was named as Neanderthal man. The fossils of the Neanderthal 1 are about40,000 years old and evidence of modern humans of about the same age has been discoveredin the caves of Swabian Jura near Ulm. The excavations also include a 42,000year old bird bone and flutes made out of mammoth ivory, these are the oldest musicalinstruments to have been unearthed.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> There was a 35,000 old uncontested humanfigurative art which has been discovered, this Venus of Hohle Fels is the oldestamong all figurative arts to be unearthed and then there is the oldest uncontestedfigurative art known as the Lowenmensch figurine discovered which is 40,000year old and belongs to the Ice Age. Germanic Tribes 750 BC to 768 AD Conquest and Migration The origin of the Germanic tribeis presumed to have transpired in the Nordic Bronze Age orlatest by the Pre-Roman Iron Age. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Their original homes was the SouthernScandinavia and Northern Germany, eventually the tribes began expanding to the south,west and east during the 1st century BC. They came in contact with the Celtic tribeswho were of Ghaul, the Baltic, Iranian and Slavic tribes as well, mixing with the cultures of the central and Eastern Europe. The researchers havelittle knowledge about the early activities ofthe Germanic tribes. With the help of archaeological finds and etymological researches, researchers have been able to record few interactionsof the tribe with the Roman Empire.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> In the beginning of the 1stcentury AD the Roman legions led movement in the east of Rhine andupper Danube regions of Germania. The Romans did this in an effortto expand their Empire’s frontier. Rome subdues many Germanic tribes like the Cherusci. The tribe learnt all thewarfare tactics of the Romans. The Cherusci chieftain known as Arminius by the Romans, defeated the Roman Army in the Battle of theTeutoburg Forest fought in 9 AD. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The victory of the tribesmarked the beginning of the German recorded historyand put a complete stop on the Romans advancetowards the Germanic territories of theeastern parts of Rhine In the 3rd century West Germanic tribesemerged, seven tribes moved west and witnessed the fall of the Roman Empire and theformation of the old Western Roman Empire.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> By the end of the 4th centurythe unoccupied areas of <b>Germany</b> were invaded by the Huns, thusstarting the Migration Period. Stem Duchies and Marches The stem duchies or tribalduchies originated as the regions of the Germanic tribesof a particular terrain. The idea of duchies likethis endured specifically in the regions which laterbecame a part of East Francia like Swabia, Bavaria, Thuringia,Franconia and Saxony rather than the advance west in Middle Francialike Lorraine and Burgundy. Germanic migrations or‘Völkerwanderung’ in the 5th century brought many barbaric tribes intothe already dying Roman Empire. The original tribes of Saxons,Burgundians, Alamanni, Franks, Rugii and Thuringiihad become stem duchies. Unlike the later duchies these bodies didnot have proper defined administrative confines but came close to the area wheremost of the Germanic tribes had settled. In the next few hundreds of yearsthe tribes migrated, merged and battled and ultimately all of themwere conquered by the Franks. Nevertheless remains ofmany stem duchies can be seen in Western Europe asmodern states and regions; German states like Saxony and Bavariaand German regions like Swabia, some of the French regions are Lorraineand Burgundy or Franche-Comte.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Ruler of <b>East</b> <b>Germany</b> discoveredmany border counties or marches. Towards north, the lands comprisedof Lusatia, Billung March, Prussia and the North Marchwhich later became Brandenburg. Styria, Carniola and Marchof Austria which later became Austria were amongthe south marches. Frankish Empire In the 5th century the WesternRoman Empire also fell. The Franks built their ownempire under the Merovingian Kings, conquering theneighbouring Germanic tribes. The Merovingian king conqueredthe northern Ghaul in 486 AD. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 496 AD after theBattle of Tolbiac, Swabia became a duchy underthe Frankish Empire. The Merovingian kingsconquered many Germanic kingdoms and tribes in the5th and 6th centuries. Out of all the kings, King ChlotharI who reigned from 558-561 AD ruled the parts of Germany and made excursions to Saxony. Semi-autonomous dukes likelocal rulers or Franks, were put in charge of various regionsof the Frankish Empire. The local Germanic tribeswere forced to embrace Christianity by the Frankish Colonists The North eastern parts of the MerovingianFranks came under the region of Austrasia. The regions which came underAustrasia are today’s parts of France, Belgium, Germany,Luxembourg and Netherlands.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> With the death of King Clovis I in 511, the kingdom was divided into fouramong the four sons. Austrasia had a rough time being tossedback and forth from royal subjugation to autonomy as the successivekings subdivided and united Frankish landsfrom time to time. Pippin III who was the Mayor of thePalace in 751, self-proclaimed himself to be the king and gothimself anointed by the church. After that instance, the kings wereknown to be the protectors of the Pope. Charles the great, ruler of the Franksfrom 774-814 propelled a military campaign against the Saxons and Avarswho had been rivals of the Franks. The Franks overcame both the rivalsand forced the people to convert to Christianity, and seized their landsto create the Carolingian Empire. Middle Ages Charles the Great Charles was the son the Frankish King Pepinthe short, who dies in the year 768 AD. On taking over the rule of his father,Charles amalgamated the control over his Kingdom and came to be knownas Charles the great or Charlemagne. He extended the Carolingian empire into Northern parts of Italy and all the territoriesof the west of Germany. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Finally in 800 his authority was confirmed by the Pope who crowned him emperor onthe Christmas Day in Rome. The Carolingian empire was divided intoseveral parts according to the treaty of Verdun in the year 843, treaty of Meerssenin the year 870 and the treaty of Ribemont, because the Grand children of Charles theGreat fought for it amongst each other. Otto the Great Otto I was crowned as the king in 936 atAachen, in 962 the Pope crowned him emperor in Rome with which theHoly Roman Empire was inaugurated, which isidentified with Germany.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> He strengthened the authority ofthe royal power by re-asserting the old Carolingian rightsover church appointments. Otto grappled from the aristocratsthe power of appointment of abbots and bishops, whocontrolled properties of land. Otto also invigorated the old practice ofassigning missionaries in the border areas. He continued to support celibacyfor the higher priesthood, so that the appointmentsdid not become hereditary. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">By letting the Bishops andabbots have pieces of lands, Otto actually made them theprinces of the Empire. This way, he was able toinstitute a National church. There were many battles that were allwon by Otto, this kept the rivals away. He marched on Rome andoverthrew John XII from the papal throne,henceforth he controlled the election of thepope, and set a strong example of the regalcontrol over the papacy. At time of the reign of HenryIII from 1039 - 1056, Cluniac reforms of the church weresupported by the Empire. The Cluniac reforms mainlyfollowed prohibition of buying clerical offices, the peace of Godand celibacy for all priests. Royal authority over thepope had reached its peak. There rose a controversybetween Pope Gregory VII and Henry VI over the appointmentsto church offices.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> This Investiture Controversy came toan end with the submission of the emperor to the pope at Canossa inthe year 1077 after being removed. In the year 1122 a temporary resolution was sought between the pope and Henry V withthe Concordot of Worms. As a result of the investiture dispute, the Ottonian churches were weakening, and the imperial secularprinces were strengthening. Then came the Age of the Crusades from year 1096-1291. Knightly spiritual order swere made, which included the Knights of St. John, the Knights Templar and Teutonic order. The Hanseatic League Under the leader ship of Lubeck, Majortrading towns came together to form the Hanseatic League, and allthis happened since the long distance trade inthe Baltic increased. The league was a business allianceamong the trading cities that controlled the trade in the coastalareas of the Northern Europe. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMFHK9sxVHzFGB8BzzB6dpR5vTeaGJZLO_c3WRMszrl2yuuxYOYw3W3kMWnZSznTzwOcN3w442TltpOB3fjwYE5i7r7cXg4M4H-otlmVe6uf13Y5GQO2o6wFeQxWg1X4Thq6gZ-5HO5vY/s428/World-War-1-2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Germany" border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="428" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMFHK9sxVHzFGB8BzzB6dpR5vTeaGJZLO_c3WRMszrl2yuuxYOYw3W3kMWnZSznTzwOcN3w442TltpOB3fjwYE5i7r7cXg4M4H-otlmVe6uf13Y5GQO2o6wFeQxWg1X4Thq6gZ-5HO5vY/w320-h215/World-War-1-2.jpg" title="History of Germany" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/world-war-i-great-war-life-history.html" target="_blank">World War I</a> </b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The league included Cologne,Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck. The league flourished during 1200-1500,thereafter its importance lessened. Expansion towards the East The colonisation started in <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/world-war-i-great-war-life-history.html" target="_blank">Germany</a></b>, with commissioning new villages and townsin a large scale in the Salv-inhabitedterritories east of the Elbe mainly Livonia, Silesia,Bohemia and Pomerania. In the Beginning of theyear 1226 was when the Teutonic Knights startedtheir conquests of Prussia.The Knights conqueredthe native Baltic Prussians and convertedthem in to Christians. Church and State There was years of conflict betweenthe church and the state for power. In 1137 Hohenstaufen family chooseits successor to be Conrad III. He tried to deprive Henry the Proudof his dukedoms Saxony and Bavaria. This led to a war inthe Southern <b>Germany</b> resulting in the Empire to divide in to factions. Welfs or Guelphs were the factionwhich named the mselves after the family of Henry the Proud, theywere the ruling house in Bavaria. The other factions were calledby the name of waiblings.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Frederick I also known as Barbarossa of the Hohenstaufen dynasty ruled from 1086-1125. He tried to assert hiscontrol over Italy once again, this time hesucceeded to an extent as in the year 1177 there wasan understanding drawn between the pope of Venice and the Emperor. On the contrary, Henry the Lionwas outlawed in the year 1180. Saxony was divided,Bavaria was taken over by Otto, the founder of Wittelsbach dynasty. Henry the son of Barbarossawas married to a Norman princess who was Constance of Sicily. The Influence of thefeudal lords were weakened by the appointment of Ministerial bureaucrats. The court life blossomed which led to the German<b> </b>Culture and literature to develop. Frederick II 1212-1250 establishedhis administration at Sicily. He did not conflict anyfurther with the papacy. After his death the Hohenstaufen dynasty came to an end, this was followed bya period with no Emperor.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRlEbPBFnxKZr68IcxWtiTjEtywzh3f06iguRlfB8DDi8eq_W3LsJaNBKYxX1Dzo6HDutXJFwuLd1hNbcapEV4Wcq9on7E4cDGdoPuCIDEHT78BUNlYzDZUWGGfiZVPhym1X40Koxsvi4/s441/World-War-1-4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="History of Germany" border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="441" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRlEbPBFnxKZr68IcxWtiTjEtywzh3f06iguRlfB8DDi8eq_W3LsJaNBKYxX1Dzo6HDutXJFwuLd1hNbcapEV4Wcq9on7E4cDGdoPuCIDEHT78BUNlYzDZUWGGfiZVPhym1X40Koxsvi4/w320-h209/World-War-1-4.jpg" title="History of Germany" width="320" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Germany and almost theentire Europe were emaciated by the Black Death in the year 1350. The Jews were mistreatedon economic and religious grounds, this forcedmany to flee to Poland. A rough estimation of 30-60 percent of the Europe’s population waskilled in the Black Death. Change and Reformation War and Plague had its disastrouseffects on Germany on the 14th century. Slowly the changes in theeconomy, religion and politics reformed the society ofEurope into a modern one. There was social discontentamongst the peasants and knights which rosedue to money economy.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Progressively a consumeristsystem evolved out of Feudalism. The Fugger family increased in reputationby means of financial and commercial activities, it became a money lenderto both church and secular leaders. Whereas the knightly class found theirdomination on military and arms skills weakened by the introduction offoot soldiers and mercenary armies. The predacious activities of the robberknights became common very soon. Cities and Towns The population of Germany was5-6 million, of which most were farmers who worked undermonasteries and nobles. The towns and cities hadstarted to emerge near the castles, monasteriesand bishop houses. The small towns began to build theirown liberties and municipal rights. Many cities like the Cologne managed to become an imperial free city,which meant that they were directly answerableto the Emperor and did not take orders from the bishops or princes.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFFlfoBkVcm1rYz3CPZ-3bqUCqzLCISLystr7kmon6nK3xKT-vhzFVgkEuzn5Sbu9jCAwszQg8JB_SIhZ24iR7tIK3IsVTzKjMRwr8m1bff2kydWXElpv0Rbz8atb-Q1ir4aD1kSKS7L4/s400/Otto-von-1+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Germany" border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="400" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFFlfoBkVcm1rYz3CPZ-3bqUCqzLCISLystr7kmon6nK3xKT-vhzFVgkEuzn5Sbu9jCAwszQg8JB_SIhZ24iR7tIK3IsVTzKjMRwr8m1bff2kydWXElpv0Rbz8atb-Q1ir4aD1kSKS7L4/w320-h214/Otto-von-1+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of Germany" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Otto von</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> The towns were governed by merchantsand rest of it was divided into strict delineated classes, which involved thephysicians, clergy, craftsmen and peasants. The paupers were not given citizenship. Rising of political tension wasnormal in the town regarding tax, market supervision, public spendingand regulations of business. As Cologne was centrally situated in the between the major trade routes of the east and the west, it became the majorreason for the growth of the city. The archbishops built the great Cologne Cathedral and secured sacred relics in it, this made Cologne a major tourist attractionand sacred place for worshippers. By the year 1288 the city found itsindependence from the archbishops, who had been ruling the Cologne and wasinstead ruled by burghers thereafter. Women The Salic law in the early times didnot allow women to inherit property, even the widows required a male caretakerto represent them in the court. This law clearly barred womenfrom royal succession. Until the 18th century when the new Bavarian law was enforced wives were physically assaulted withoutany law stopping them to do so. The Bavarian law gave a little leverageto the women to pursue their passion and accomplish in fields like medicine,music, politics and religion. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Science and Culture In the year 1439 Johannes Gutenberginvented the movable printing machine. It was his invention that hadstarted the printing evolution. Albrecht Durer established hisreputation as a mathematician, theorist, painter, engraver and printmaker across Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. He is remembered as an importantfigure of the Northern Renaissance, he had achieved all this famein a mere age of 20-30 years. Early Modern Germany Reformation In the 16th century there was a lot ofdissatisfaction among the people regarding the selling of easier ways to repentfor sins, and many desired to reform. Finally in the year 1517, Martin Lutherstood boldly, voicing the desire of many by pasting copies of 95 thesis in the townsquare and handing them out to German nobles.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> The list mainly stressed on theaffirmations that Luther believed showed misguidance and corruptionwithin the Holy Church. Luther also disagreed with the power thatthe pope and the higher clergy held and he insisted that they abused their powers byselling easier way of repenting for sins. Though Luther was proscribedin the year 1521, the reformation he hadstarted spread quickly, this was further helpedby Emperor Charles V. Luther hid in theWartburg Castle where he translated the Bible from Latin to German and recognized the base of German language. An interesting fact is that thelanguage which Luther spoke was of less significance in Germany but afterhis translated Bible was published; his dialect took over the other languagesand became of what is modern German The German peasants followed theteachings of the reformers and revolted against the ruling authorities of Franconia, Swabia and Thuringia in 1524. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although the rebellions were aided byskilled nobles like Florian Geyer, Thomas Munzer and Gotz von Berlichingen the regionalprinces soon suppressed the insurgence. Around 100,000 German farmerswere killed in the revolt. The protestation at the Imperial Diet of Speyer was rejectedby the Lutheran at Augsburg in 1530 and a new Lutheranchurch was established. In 1545, Germany saw‘Counter-Reformation’also known as the Catholic Reformationor the Catholic Revival. The reformation was an answerto the Protestant Reformation and the foundation of the Catholic Reformation was the formation of Council of Trent from 1545 to 1563 and it endedwith the Thirty Years War in 1648. The Jesuit order instituted by Ignatiusof Loyola provided the main force. The north-eastern and central Germany were almost Protestants and the southern and western Germany were completely Catholics. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">An association of Protestant rulesknown as Schmalkaldic League were subjugated by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1547. In 1555 the Lutheran faithwas recognised with the Peace of Augsburgbut the treaty also stated that the religion of the state wouldbe the religion which the ruler followed. The Protestant Union and Catholic Leagues were established in 1608 and1609 respectively. Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648 The Empire was submerged inwar and conflicts between the Protestants and Catholics for thirty years. Some times the situations were out of control and thousands of soldiers died ofhunger, plague and murder. Heavy taxes were levied,live-stock of the farmers and their food were takenaway without payment. There was a time of unrestduring these thirty dark years. The population dropped immensely and the war ended with Peace of West phalia in 1648. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Culture, Literacy and Science With the translation of Bibleliteracy spread throughout Germany, there were now pamphlets and religiousbooks which were being distributed and by 1530 there were 10,000 publicationsthat printed 10 million copies. Lucas Cranach the Elder was a famouspainter and a close friend of Luther. He exemplified Luther’stheology for a common audience. He sensationalized Luther'sopinions on the connection between the Old and New Testaments, while being watchful of Luther'scautious differences about appropriate and indecoroususes of visual imagery. Many scientific develop mentstook place in the fields of mathematics, physics and astronomyin the 16th and 17th centuries. ‘De revolutionibus orbium coelestium’ publishedby Nicolaus Copernicus was the first complete heliocentric cosmology which movedthe Earth from the center of the universe.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Johannes Kepler was known for hislaws of planetary motion and his books ‘Harmonices Mundi’ and‘Astronomia nova’ were well-known. 1648 to 1815 Wars and Smaller States Parts of Lorraine and Alsace were capturedby Louis XIV of France, he also attacked and destroyed the Electorate of Palatinatein the War of Palatinian Succession. Hungary was taken back fromthe Turks and Habsburgs developed Austria intoa powerful kingdom. Frederick II the Great played an importantrole in the expansion of Germany, he was a military genius and was famous forthe reorganization of Prussian armies. The nobility and thecitizens resisted from 1763 and ‘enlightened absolutism’was established in Austria and Prussiaand the ruler reigned as per the best principlesof the philosophers. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Many legal reforms happened,torture of citizens was abolished and the situationof the Jews improved. Liberation of the peasants began andeducation was made compulsory for all. Prussia initiated separation from Polandand Austria and Russia followed after a few years of resistance from Prussia Poland finally became independent in 1918. The smaller Germans states were eclipsedby Austria and Prussia and were frequently ignored by rulers whowere indulged in worldly pleasures, because of which they grew indebt with no centres for growth; Bavaria was one of these states. Although Saxony was doing well financiallyits administration was completely haywire. Wettin and Wurttemberg were in no good shape as the ruler’s greed forpower and excessive spending on celebrations, hunting expeditionsand mistresses led to their downfall. No one was interested informing a proper government.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> From 1807 to 1871 Prussia took over mostof the smaller states and founded the German Empire but by 1930 it lost itsindividuality and had little importance left. French Revolution 1789 to 1815 The Germans had a mixed reactiontowards the French revolt. The German intellectsrejoiced the outburst and hoped that Reason and The Enlightenment would win. In 1793, the French king was executed and a period of violence tookover the middle classes. The reformers said that the violencecould be ended by the Germans as they were capable to change laws and establishments in a nonviolent way. Austria and Prussia invaded the French in1792 but they lost in the Battle of Valmy. Prussia and Austria ended theiralready lost battle with France but shared Poland with Russia in 1793 and 1795. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">France subjugated Rhineland and encouraged freedom of religion, obliterated feudalism,emancipated the Jews, forced the nobleness to sharetheir powers with middle class and opened the bureaucracy tocommon people with talent. Kingdom of West phalia wasestablis hed by Napoleon and transformed and rationalized thewestern regions of Germany. <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-birth-of-emperor.html" target="_blank">Napoleon</a></b> control ledmost of Western Europe, all German states except Austria and Prussia. There was nothing left ofthe Holy Roman Empire and Napoleon removed it when heformed new countries in 1806. After the Battle of Leipzig,<b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/napoleon-bonaparte-birth-of-emperor.html" target="_blank">Napoleon’s</a></b><b> </b>empire started to fall and was finally defeated in Waterlooby German and British armies. Prussia gained huge territoriesat the Vienna peace conference. German Confederation, 1815 to 1867 A loose association of 39 states made upthe German Confederation in 1815, the idea was to organize the frugalitiesof detached German speaking countries. It was a shield against the enormouspowers of Austria and Prussia. The Confederation fell because ofthe enmity between Austria and Prussia and in 1866 it was substitutedby North German Confederation. Society and Economy The population between this period grewand the country became efficient in agriculture and sustained a fast-growingindustrial urban financial system. Although Germany lagged behind France, Britainand Belgium in industrial development by 1900 it took pace and was one of theleaders in the world of industrialization.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> The Germans started workingin mines, factories and railways as a resultof industrialization. Most of the population had becomerural and lived in cities. Rail roads helped in mucheconomic development of Germany and opened up new prospectsfor the local products. Engineers, architects, managersand machinists were in demand and all this led toinvestment in iron and coal. Earlier the Germans bought theirhardware and engineering from the British but soon learnt the skills andbecame self-sufficient by 1850’s. By 1880 there were 9,400locomotives in Germany who carried 43,000 passengers and 30,000tons of products everyday. The German intellects and artistswere swayed by the French Revolution and by the famous German writer andpoet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Germany saw much growth in music,literature, intellectual movement and art. The period is also known as Romanticism. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The famous Brothers Grimmgathered famous folk stories into one book knownas Grimm’s Fairy Tales. There were manyprofessors who gained international recognitionin various fields; some of them were Leopold von Ranke,Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schleiermacher, Alexander vonHumboldt and Carl Friedrich Gauss. Politics of Restoration and Revolution The leadership of Germany fell into the hands of Austrian PrinceMetternich, after Napoleon. There was chaos anddiscontentment socially and politically which led tothe revolutions of 1848. The parliament of Frankfurtwas dissolved and the princes were suppressedby the military forces. German Confederation was formedonce again in 1850, many political leaders left for United States and some went into exile. In 1861, King William I reined overthe country and his most important accomplishment was to appoint Ottovon Bismarck as chancellor. Field Marshal Helmut von Moltke, Defense Minister Albrecht von Roon along with Otto von Bismarck won over Austria,France and Denmark and united Germany. German Confederation was dissolvedin 1886 and was replaced by North German Federationunder the headship of Prussia. Austria was not included inthe Confederation and the long Austrian influenceon Germany finally ended. The North German Federation wasa provisional organisation and lasted from 1867 to 1871 after whichthe German Empire was founded. German Empire, 1871 to 1918 Otto von Bismarck unified Germany into ‘German Reich’ and determinedpolitical affairs till 1890. He tried to raise coalitionsin Europe so he could control France and amalgamate Germany’s effect on Europe. He tried to curtail socialismby anti-socialist laws which were joined with socialsecurity and health care. Bismarck also tried to lessen theadministrative influence of the overly grown power of Catholicminority in the culture struggle but the Catholics became more powerfuland formed a Centre or Zentrum Party. The Germans were now matchingshoulders with Britain in terms of industrial andeconomic power by 1900 and their professional army was thebest across the globe, however their naval forces were no matchagainst the British Royal Navy. Kaiser Wilhelm II came into power in 1888he was young and aspiring and disliked taking advice specifically from proficientstatesmen and envoys, he fired Bismarck. Unlike Bismarck, Kaiser wanted Germany to follow colonialism like France and Britain and create a navy which wouldbe equal to the British naval forces. He promoted colonialism of Asian and African countries in areas where the Europeans had not colonialized. His ways were inhumane which alsoled to murder of many Germans. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">His individual approach led to asituation where the Austrian-Hungarian crown prince was murdered whichcould have sparked World War I. Weimar Republic, 1919 to 1933 The crushing terms of peacein the Treaty of Versailles (it required Germany to takeresponsibility of Germany and her allies to have causedloss and damages in the war) incited unpleasant resentmentall over Germany and completely weakened the newdemocratic government. The Communist Party of Germany(KDP) wasfounded in December, 1918 and in the following year it made an unsuccessful attempt in overpowering the new republic. Adolf Hitler took control ofNational Socialist German Workers Party(NSDAP) in 1919 which botchedin an overthrow in Munich in 1923. Both the parties and the partieswho supported the republic built aggressive armies whichengaged in street battles. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Democratic support forboth parties grew after 1929 when Great Depressionhit the country and there were many men who were unemployedand could be used for military units. The Nazi’s were mostly rural andbelonged to middle-class families; they defeated Weimar command and tookcontrol of Germany from 1933 to 1945. The Communist Party of Germany came to power from 1949 to 1989. Nazi Germany, 1933 to 1945 Much of Germany’s lost economic standardswas restored by the Nazi government. They brought an end toemployment by spending heavily on military and supressedstrikes and labour unions. People were happy with the Nazirule as Germany was prospering; it faced little resistance from the German population in their rule of twelve years. Any political upsurge was crushedby the Gestapo or secret police that operated under thecommand of Heinrich Himmler. The Jews faced a toughtime as they were forced into exile and theirproperty was confiscated.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> The Nazi Party tool all controlsof local government, public administrations, and the courts exceptfor Catholic and Protestant Churches. Joseph Goebbels, who wasthe publicity minister of Hitler controlled allexpressions of public view. He made good use of movies, ralliesand mesmerizing speeches of Hitler. The Nazi’s worshipped Hitler as their leader or Fuhrer and put allpowers in his hands. Hitler had a constricted varietyof interests and decision making was dispersed amongintersecting, clashing power centres; on some matters he wasinert, simply agreeing to compressions fromwhoever had his ear. All top representatives reportedto Hitler and followed his basic rules, but they had substantialindependence on daily basis. Antisemitism and the Holocaust The Nazis were inimical towards the Jewsand were always targeted for attacks. They persuaded the Jews to look upon theJews as ‘subhumans’ and even succeeded in getting 44% votes in the parliamentto boycott the business of the Jews. The first Nazi concentration campwas set up on 20 March, 1935 which banned Jews from all academicpositions and civil services. The Jews were stripped of German citizenship and by 1939 around 500,000Jews left the country; escape after that wasimpossible and in 1941 the Nazis set up Holocaustwhich exterminated all Jews, Slavs, homosexuals, Gypsies, mentallyand physically disabled and communists. Around 11 million peoplewere killed in the Holocaust out of which 1.1million were children. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-rw2fl4ZcpM2I0pzha4Uw-Br9xzG9dfoUKSODHIiFYFFp5fhWPbuj3o1fNPuiFT7KPE3FSiPAy3M0gyvCbgDtCGDQpvtB782-heF_SgHhkXXvxnORp5o9WzusUR0xaWIIQVd2U1hyfA8/s384/World-War-1-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="History of Germany" border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="384" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-rw2fl4ZcpM2I0pzha4Uw-Br9xzG9dfoUKSODHIiFYFFp5fhWPbuj3o1fNPuiFT7KPE3FSiPAy3M0gyvCbgDtCGDQpvtB782-heF_SgHhkXXvxnORp5o9WzusUR0xaWIIQVd2U1hyfA8/w320-h240/World-War-1-1.jpg" title="History of Germany" width="320" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Federal Republic of Germany, 1990 Onwards Five re-established states in theearlier German Democratic Republic which assented to the Federal Republicof Germany with 10 states upon German reunion on 3 October, 1990, isthe new federal states of Germany. The East German had obliteratedthe new states in 1952 had been re-established in1990 and the states were; Saxony, Brandenburg, Thuringia,Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Saxony-Anhalt. Although most of the residents of Berlin are residents of former East Germany, Berlin has not beentaken as one of the new states. Since then Germany has sixteen statesall with same lawful statuses. There have been many leaderssince re reunification who have helped in the growthand advancement of Germany; Gerhard Schroder and Angela Merkelbeing some of the noted ones. Helmut Kohl played an importantrole in the European Union.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJK3LKYac6sGZdolNHU7YF1XZISiZcLIvH5cAu7LB1ANEjWoPRxo5vpkqV_4YYlZJRNM1kzR4GODlSd5UjYGDO795AxXaQAsj1LUh_Fs78Hhd7ELUZQpQyu_DhgpclkgVuPErZZmRWu-s/s400/germany-2714706__480+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="History of Germany" border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJK3LKYac6sGZdolNHU7YF1XZISiZcLIvH5cAu7LB1ANEjWoPRxo5vpkqV_4YYlZJRNM1kzR4GODlSd5UjYGDO795AxXaQAsj1LUh_Fs78Hhd7ELUZQpQyu_DhgpclkgVuPErZZmRWu-s/w320-h213/germany-2714706__480+%25281%2529.jpg" title="History of Germany" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b>Saxony-Anhalt</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> When recession hit theglobe in 2008 Germany faired pretty well butthe financial volatility of Greece and other European nations forced Germany to underwrite a financial rescue. Today Germany is led by JoachimGauck who is the head of state of Germany and the official Presidentof the Federal Republic of Germany.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The country is the biggestnational economy in Europe and also the fourth largest bynominal GDP across the globe. They were one of the biggestcapital exporters which recorded $285 billion worth trade in the world. The nation is rich in natural resources andhas been advancing in leaps and bounds. Most of the German companiesare owned by families and it is also one of the topplaces for trade fairs. There was a time when the Germans lacked speed in terms of growth and progress but today speed seesno limits Germany</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>History of Germany </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b><a href="#" id="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" name="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0ZR9B2KIJBI" width="459"></iframe></b></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="6"><b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></b></font></div>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-64156644938910226212020-07-30T04:56:00.001-07:002020-08-10T04:30:05.561-07:00Why the Ottomans Empire Never Colonized America ? Ottomans Empire <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ7VEMWoALSkSN_sFPI9KBa7rSOy48FNblG0xhWP3MrjV2Q-CY5-P62452F8iX6LHrQ4lLCPBH53GXnvnFJMRrcVWODuE0w0HMYx75rta2ADP62AbZRzJf1l39xgVosm_bpZ1KYAhfZ4Y/s398/ottomam-empire-map-42644__480.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Why the Ottomans Empire Never Colonized America ?" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="398" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ7VEMWoALSkSN_sFPI9KBa7rSOy48FNblG0xhWP3MrjV2Q-CY5-P62452F8iX6LHrQ4lLCPBH53GXnvnFJMRrcVWODuE0w0HMYx75rta2ADP62AbZRzJf1l39xgVosm_bpZ1KYAhfZ4Y/w320-h241/ottomam-empire-map-42644__480.jpg" title="Why the Ottomans Empire Never Colonized America ?" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;">Ottomans Empire map<br /><br /></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><b>Why the Ottomans Empire Never Colonized America ?</b></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries,most of the <b>European powers colonized</b> and conquered the <b>American</b> continent, establishingnumerous colonies and settlements. Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Netherlands,but also lesser-known colonizers such as Sweden, Denmark and Scotland, managed to set up coloniesthat would evolve into the modern nations of the region. But one of the <b>major powers</b> of the time, whichhad both the resources and the naval capabilities to venture into the New World did not partakein these endeavors.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> In this article , we will learn why the <b>Ottoman Empire never competed</b> with the other <b>European states in the colonization of the Americas</b>. In our opinion learning new stuff and developing your self is essential part of being a human. In our fast-paced world it is often difficultto find enough time, though, as our work and social lives and hobbies take most of our time. It is natural to think that you don’t haveenough time to read a book, </div><div style="text-align: justify;">ght the know ledge ofthe continent to the Old World. At the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt held a monopoly over the Spice trade coming from Asia throughthe Red Sea. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">They imposed heavy taxes on all the exports to wards <b><a href="#" id="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/?m=1" name="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/?m=1">Europe</a></b>, and only the merchants of the Republic of Venice were allowed to tradewith them, making a fortune by reselling the goods in the rest of <b>Europe</b> as a monopoly. Many <b>European</b> states were frustrated withthis situation, as they could only go through the Italian city, and one of those states was the Kingdom of Portugal. Portugal already had a tradition of expandingand exploring overseas, initially incited by a desire to spread the <b>Christian</b> faithand continue the Reconquista that had taken place in the Iberian peninsula in the Late Middle Ages. In 1415, King João had occupied the Moroccancity of Ceuta, obtaining a foothold on the <b>North African</b> coast at the southern mouthof the Strait of Gibraltar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> His son, Henry the Navigator, would continue financing various expeditions to Africa and the Atlantic Ocean. His contemporary and biographer Gomez Eanesde Azurara wrote in 1453 that the Prince was fueled by the zeal of God, by the desire foran alliance with the Christian Kingdoms in the east, to know how powerful the <b>Muslim countries</b> were, to spread the Chrisitan faith, and to fight the Moors of <b>North Africa</b>. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">While gold, ivory, and slaves are not mentionedin Azurara’s chronicles, it’s quite certain that the <b>Portuguese</b> were eager for those,and were looking for the sources of the caravans that traveled through the <b>Sahara desert </b>and enriched the markets of the Maghreb. Also, the input of the Prince might have beenexaggerated by chronicles, and has been questioned by modern historians, as after his death in1460, Portuguese explorers continued to push south. The efforts of the deeply <b>Christian Prince </b>Henry, however, still resulted in the colonization of the Azores and Madeira islands, where sugarwas cultivated, and the exploration of the Atlantic coast of Africa, where outposts,called feitorias, and forts were established to trade with the locals Africans and to attract Arab merchants. In the second half of the fifteenth century,the Portuguese explored the Gulf of Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, and the Congo river. In 1488, the explorer Bartolomeu Dia roundedthe Cape of Good Hope, confirming that the Atlantic and <b>Indian Oceans</b> were connected. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">At the same time, two agents sent by kingJoão the Second, Pêro da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva, entered the <b>Indian Ocean</b> throughthe Mamluk Sultanate and reached India and Ethiopia. These travels made Pêro advise the king togo via the maritime route around Africa, as it seemed the most secure of the options. The return of Dias was followed by the newsthat the Genoese explorer Christopher <b>Columbus</b>, who was hired by the Kings of Castile andAragon in the hopes of finding access to the Indian markets, had encountered land to thewest. As <b>Columbus</b> had not brought back any spices,and it became quickly clear that this was a different landmass from Asia, the Portuguese returned their focus to their newly discovered African route, as the Treaty of Tordesillas,which we have already covered, attests to.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1497, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama circumnavigated again the southern tip of Africa, and sailed all the way to Calicutin India, known for its spice market, connecting the <b>Indian spices</b> to the newly establishedtrade routes. Bases were set up along the way, and it would not take long for Portugal to enter in conflict with the Arab merchants that populated the <b>Indian Sea</b>. At the start of the fifteen hundreds, variouscon flicts between <b>Muslim states</b>, most <b>powerful</b> of them all the Mamluks, and the Portuguesenavy, saw the latter partly blockading the Red Sea, starving the Egyptian state of spices. This caused the finances of the Mamluks tocrash and started a crisis that facilitated the <b>Ottoman </b><b>Empire </b>conquest of Egypt and Syria in1516-1517, which was followed by their expansion into Arabia and the Red Sea. This brought the <b><a href="#" id="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/?m=1" name="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/?m=1">Ottoman Empire</a></b> to the coastof the <b>Indian Ocean</b>, unfamiliar waters for the expanding Turk state. In 1555, the would consolidate theirposition by expanding into Mesopotamia at the expense of the Safavids, and by taking Basra, which meant that they now had access to the Persian Gulf. All this propelled the <b>Ottoman empire</b> to becomethe new power in the <b>Indian Ocean</b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> With access to both the Mediterranean Seaand the <b>Indian Ocean</b>, the <b>Ottoman Empire</b> could have started to venture into the New World,and we have some clues that they had intentions of doing so. In 1517, the Turkish captain Ahmed Muhiddin Piri, known as Piri Reis presented his world map to Sultan Selim, which he had producedby using as sources twenty other maps, including one from <b>Columbus</b>. On this map the New World is marked as “Vilayet Antilia”. The term Vilayet usually applied to an administrativeunit in the <b>Ottoman Empire</b>, so it’s apparent that the <b>Ottoman empire</b> had some interests in America. In his diary, Piri Reis writes that a Spanishprisoner and <b>Columbus’s</b> map were taken from seven Spanish ships, seizure of which hasbeen dated to 1501 by historians. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">This Spanish captive revealed that he hadbeen to the New Continent three times, the same number of voyages <b>Columbus</b> had partakenin up to that year. This is also confirmed by the names on themap, which are the same Turkified names that <b>Columbus</b> used, such as Wadluk for Guadeloupeand Undizi Vergine for the Virgin Islands. Other pieces of information could have comefrom the many Iberian Muslims who were expelled during those years, and it’s very possiblethat there was a network of <b>Muslim</b> informants in Spain and Portugal who kept the Islamicworld updated on the exploration of the two kingdoms.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> This would confirm that the <b>Ottoman empire</b> Sultans were interested in the developments in the Atlantic Ocean. Sometimes it is said that the <b>Ottomans empire </b> didnot have the naval technology to compete on the high seas with Portugal and Spain. This is, however, a myth, as we have alreadyseen the <b>Ottoman empire</b> could hold their own against the Christian kingdoms in the Mediterranean Sea, and the maritime conflict continued against Portugal with a similar course in the <b>Indian Ocean</b>, keeping trade free with the <b>Indian states</b> for Muslim merchants, and protectingthe Sultanate of Aceh in modern-day Indonesia from the Portuguese in 1564. In 1627 Barbary corsairs managed to reachIceland and raid it, taking hundreds of slaves with them. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">It has to be remem bered in fact that someof the technologies used by the Portuguese, such as the caravel and the compass, tookinspiration from Arab and <b>Muslim</b> crafts and discoveries. One glaring problem, however,</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> was the geographicsituation the <b>Ottoman empire</b> found themselves in. On the other side of the African continent,and blocked from to exit the Mediterranean Sea by Spain, the <b>Ottoman empire</b> found themselveshaving to circumnavigate the entire continent to reach the Americas. This was certainly not impossible, but itwas still more expensive to do than for the rest of the <b>European</b> colonial powers. Also, they would have had to compete withthe Portuguese navies replenished by their numerous bases. One way to overcome this problem was expandingthrough <b>North Africa</b>. It’s not unlikely that one of the reasonsfor the <b>Ottoman Empire</b> expansion in the Maghreb was to reach the Moroccan Atlantic coast, andfrom there compete with the Iberian <b>powers</b>. In the beginning, the Ottomans were quitesuccessful, first in 1517 by taking under their wing the rulers of Algiers, most prominentof whom was Hayreddin Barbarossa, expanding at the expense of Spain into modern-day Algeriaand Libya, and taking Tunis in 1560. The main roadblock was the staunchly independent Moroccan sultanate. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Morocco had been ruled from 1472 by the Wattasiddynasty. The Wattasids never managed to establish full control over the country: ruling from the northern city of Fez, they lost various citiesto both Portugal and Spain, while in 1524 they lost the city of Marrakesh to the rulersof the southern part of Morocco, the Saadi dynasty. The Saadi would continue to expand from thesouth, until in 1549 the city of Fez was occupied by their leader, Mohammed Al-Sheikh, and heoverthrew the Wattasid dynasty. Seeing an opportunity,</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> the <b>Ottomans</b> <b>Empire</b> attemptedto reinstate a surviving Wattasid prince in 1554, but they were expelled and the princekilled in the battle of Tadla the same year. They also tried to leverage their diplomaticresources to make the Saadi recognize them as their overlords, but to no avail, and instead,the Saadi helped Spain defend the city of Oran in Algeria. In the end, the frustrated <b>Ottoman empire</b> sultan Suleiman the Magnificent would have Mohammed Al-Sheikh assassinated in 1557, and have hishead brought to Istanbul, but the Saadi allied the mselves with the <b>European powers</b> and blocked access to the Atlantic from North Africa to the <b>Ottoman empire. </b> In the end, though, the main reason for whythe <b>Ottoman empire</b> did not make a bigger effort to challenge the territories in the New Worldis quite simply that the true profitability of the new continent was still greatly unknownto both <b>Europeans</b> and the Ottomans, unlike us who can attest to this in hindsight. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Conversely, trade in the Indian Ocean wasa well established and rich business from before the times of the Roman <b>Empire</b>, andafter the end of the Pax Mongolica, Indian trade had become even richer, funneling thegoods that before travelled inland on the Silk Road. Columbus had sailed east to reach the Indies,and Brazil was accidentally discovered on a voyage to the <b>Indian Ocean</b>. Interest in the Indian Ocean was quite simplymuch greater in Istanbul. Silks were imported from the Chinese <b>Empires</b>,while spices such as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, and ginger were harvested and bought in Indiaand in the islands of the Malay Archipelago. Attesting to the wealth that the spice tradebrought is today's majestic city of Venice. The <b>Ottoman empire</b> focused instead on securingits control of the entrance to the Red Sea by expanding into modern-day Yemen and Eritrea,and establishing relationships with various <b>Muslim princes</b> in the <b>Indian Ocean</b>. More advanced gun <b>powder</b> weapons and ships,together with their titles of Caliph and Protectors of the Holy Cities inherited from the Mamluks,put the <b>Ottomans </b><b>Empire </b>at the forefront of other Muslim <b>powers</b>, and they would for years battle against the Portuguese for the control of the trade routes in the region. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">At the end of the sixteenth century, the <b>Ottoman empire</b> was not as <b>powerful</b> as at the start of the century, and their expansion haltedas they entered a period of transformation that would continue into the seventeenth century. Suleiman the Magnificent supervised the <b>Ottoman Empire</b> at its height, and after his death in 1566, cracks that had already appearedduring his reign worsened with his successors. Corruption, factionalism, and infighting paralyzedthe <b>Ottoman </b><b>Empire </b>government machine, halting the states ability to expand and partake in overseasventures. The influx of precious metals into <b>Europe</b> from the new world increased inflation also in the <b>Ottoman </b><b>Empire </b>Sultanate, which led to poverty,economic crises, and revolts. This is not to say that the <b>Ottoman Empire</b> inexorably declined, as it continued to survive for three centuries, but it did put a dentinto the <b>Ottoman empire </b>ability to project their <b>power</b>. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Externally, the many foes of the House of Osman put a halt on their expansion. Following the annihilation of the Turkish navy after the Battle of Lepanto, the <b>Ottomans </b><b>Empire </b>still managed to rebuild their fleet in ayear, but had lost many experienced sailors that could not easily be replaced. It showed that they could not just force the Straits of Gibraltar, and that open sea competition against the Iberians would be hard and costly. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The defence of the Habsburgian border, and constant skirmishes against the Persians, also kept the resources of the <b>Ottoman empire in</b> use. To conclude, the lack of a Turkish presencein the new world can be explained by their geographic limits, their competitors on the borders, and most importantly, the richness of the trade in the <b>Indian Ocean</b>. We always have more stories to tell, <b>Ottoman empire</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>.......................<span style="font-size: xx-large;"><a href="#" id="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/?m=1" name="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/?m=1">Life History</a></span>...................</b></div>Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0United States37.09024 -95.7128916.470100241727117 -130.869141 67.7103797582729 -60.556641tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-25096354753578252262020-07-26T11:09:00.002-07:002020-08-10T04:53:20.878-07:00Change your Life : 10 daily habits <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiafk4p_4ItH9G7vhUwdGW52slQQR2i5tvzMtaKcp20uGkTejSyUaTRSpZqVqQGtbtTQcjkhbB8siZKKb7ySO7KuKmMlc5Lz9VbewqjOoHoAFxKtrFcvCFS2QHj-m-cn8NEmfgqkBE7o8o/s1600/IMG-20200620-WA0010.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Change your Life : 10 daily habits" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiafk4p_4ItH9G7vhUwdGW52slQQR2i5tvzMtaKcp20uGkTejSyUaTRSpZqVqQGtbtTQcjkhbB8siZKKb7ySO7KuKmMlc5Lz9VbewqjOoHoAFxKtrFcvCFS2QHj-m-cn8NEmfgqkBE7o8o/s320/IMG-20200620-WA0010.jpg" title="Change your Life : 10 daily habits" width="320" /></a></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Change your Life : 10 daily habits</b></h2>
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<b>10 daily habits</b> can make such a bigdifference to your overall health and your life. In this article I'm going to share <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">10 daily habits</a></b> that have <b>changed</b> my life in many different ways. If you'reinterested keep watching. Hello Welcome back to the <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">life history</a></b>. I'm a holistic nutritionist with a food engineeringbackground. For today' talk about<b> 10 daily habits</b> that havemade a really big difference to my life in different areas such as physical health, emotional health and brain health. Before we dive in I wanted to say a few things so you know the context. The first thing is these daily habits have beenthe result of gradual habit forming over the last five years- it's not somethingthat happened over night. It is difficult to form habits and it does take time. Thesecond thing - although these habits are<b> daily habits</b> I don't put pressure onmyself to do them every day especially when things get too busy or things aretoo overwhelming. Sometimes things slide a little and that's okay. When you'remaking lifestyle changes it's not about perfection it's about doing what you canand generally I do try to do these <b>habits</b> at least three to five times aweek IN the times that I'm really stressed out because I feel that they dohelp me stay on track and they do help reduce stress. Anyway enough with theintroduction let's get into the <b>habits</b>.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b><b>Change your Life :</b><b> is that I drink aglass of water as soon as I get up</b></h3>
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<b>The first : daily habit</b> <b>is that I drink aglass of water as soon as I get up</b>. Well not as soon as I get up -I brush my teeth,I go to the bathroom and then I have a glass of water. I find that this has madea big difference to energy levels in the morning. When we're sleeping we're nottaking it any water and when we wake up we can be mildly dehydrated and whenwe're dehydrated our fatigue levels go up. There is some science behind this. So a good thing to do is start your morningby getting enough hydration. I drink a glass of filtered water. If I feel likeit, I'll add some lemon to it I don't always do that and it's usually at roomtemperature but if you like warm water that can work too. It really is about personal preference but drinking some water in the morning is a great thing todo for your energy levels. </div>
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<b>Change your Life :</b><b> I meditate for 10 minutes every day</b> </div>
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<b>Number two : I meditate for 10 minutes every day.</b>I used to be very skeptical about <b>meditation</b> when I first started. I didn'treally believe in it I didn't think that there was science behind it but there isactually quite a bit of science. It can do things like reduce anxiety, it canhelp you improve your immune function, it can help reduce pain. There's a lot thatit can do but for me the biggest <b>change</b> is mental clarity and I feel much more calm. I am not naturally a calmperson I may appear calm on YouTube but I am not naturally a calm person.<b>Meditation</b> years of <b>meditation</b> has gotten me to this point and I really dothink that there are a lot of benefits to trying it out. Now if you're abeginner, meditation can seem very daunting and I have two tips to provide.So the first one is try to just be very open about meditation in the beginning.The first 10 to 15 sessions for me were very difficult. I didn't know what I wasdoing and I felt overwhelmed and I felt like I was doing it the wrong way. Itwasn't until the 15th or 16th session that I really got into it and I startedto see the benefit. So give it time. The second thing is if you are starting outtry guided <b>meditation</b> versus <b>meditation</b> where you're just doing it on your own.Guided <b>meditation</b> can really help you stay on track and can really guide youthrough the process. I use an app called Calm - I highly recommend it. I love it.There is also another app called Headspace which you could try out. </div>
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<b>Change your Life :</b> <b>I go for a brisk walk outdoors every day</b></div>
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Number three : <b>I go for a brisk walk outdoors every day</b>. Now I have to say that I livein Canada so a <b>brisk walk</b> outdoors every day does not happen year-round! Itdoesn't happen in the winter but for the rest of the year I do try to get outside because I find it's such a mood booster to get some fresh air.. to get somesunlight and to be out in the greenery and there are studies that show thatexposure to greenery is good for your <b>health</b>. Now for me the <b>brisk walk</b> is not just a mood booster - it'salso the way I get exercise. I am NOT a gym person I have never been in gymperson I just don't enjoy it who knows who the people who enjoy the gym I would love to do that but I just can't I don't like it so for me getting exercise hasto be something that's part of my life style and I love going up the walk so I started to make my walks my exercise now the World Health Organization recommends that we get about 150 minutes of <b>moderate</b> cardiovascular activity week or 75 minutes of cardiovascular activity awalk can count if your heart rate is high enough so when I'm walking I testmy heart rate I have an app on my phone samsung health is the app that I use andmy heart rates usually between the moderate and thicker zone so my walkactually counts as a workout it counts as water and activity so that's how Iget my 150 minutes of exercise per week through my walk. </div>
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<b>Change your Life :</b><b> in additionto the walk ayuh exercise</b></div>
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<b>number four</b> : <b>in additionto the walk ayuh exercise</b> so<b> the walk</b> is great for cardiovascular activity ifyou're doing a brisk walk or if they're jogging or running but a well-rounded <b>exercise</b> regimen should include more than just cardio I like to include someweight training and yoga but I specifically wanted to talk about weedsthere's a lot of women shy away from it especially because they think they'regoing to look a certain way if they train with weights the World Health Organization recommends at the average adult do at least two sessions a weekwhy is it so important as we age we tend to lose muscle mass it's a normal partof Aging another normal part of aging is losing bone density it happens but wecan slow that process down with one thing and that one thing is weighttraining so it doesn't matter what age you are it could be in your 20s or 30sit's never too early to start preserving your muscle mass and preserving your bone density if you're a beginner you should always speak to a professionall earn the proper moves you could do body weights or free weights but always speakto someone who knows what they're doing so you don't get injured and then eventually when you know what you're doing you could always work at a home that's what I do I am NOT a gym person as I mentioned earlier so I don't go tothe gym but I will use free weights and body weight <b>exercises</b> at home if you'reinterested </div>
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<b>Change your Life :</b> <b>I try to eat something green every day </b></div>
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<b>number five</b> : <b>I try to eat something green every day</b> it's ratherembarrassing but I will admit that even as a nutritionist I find it hard to <b>eat greens</b> I did not grow up eating greens so it's a very foreign concept for mebut I do understand that they are very nutrient dense and it's a good idea toget some <b>greens</b> on a <b>daily</b> basis especially a variety of greens you aregetting a variety of vitamins and minerals if we're interested in nutrientdensity score that below now if you' rebeginner the easiest way to add <b>greens</b> to your diet really is smoothies I findthat that was the best gateway for me to get into the <b>habits of eating greens</b> ifyou're interested in how to make green smoothies taste better I do have a article on it which<br />
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></span><b style="text-align: justify;">Change your Life :</b><span style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><b> veggie severy day</b> </span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span></div>
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<b>number six</b> : I eatat least two to three servings of brightly colored fruits and <b>veggie severy day</b> this is my bare minimum two to three I usually try to eat more why isit important to eat brightly colored fruits and <b>veggies</b> well you may haveheard of the term eat the rainbow eat the rainbow basically suggests eatingfruits and <b>veggies</b> from different colors but different colors mean thebelowe different phytochemicals which mean they have different <b>health</b> properties some phytochemicals can help with cancer prevention some can help with liver somecan help with metabolism there's different reasons to have thosephytochemicals and it's a good idea to get a variety so I do try to cut atleast two to three servings of fruits and <b>veggies</b> from those different groupsif you're interested in learning more about eating the rainbow<br />
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></span><b style="text-align: justify;">Change your Life :</b><b style="text-align: justify;"> I listen to relaxing music everyevening as a way to winddow</b></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><b>number seven</b> : <b>I listen to relaxing music everyevening as a way to wind dow</b>n so <b>music</b> has many different health benefits thescience is still emerging but what I found very interesting is that naturesounds and relaxing music can help reduce stress it can help reduce thestress hormone called cortisol if you're interested for the science is in thedescription box so I do try to listen to something that's very relaxing flutesmaybe some nature sounds rustling with leaves things like that a waterfallthose are all really nice to listen to at the end of the day as a way to winddown and just relax</span></div>
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<b>Change your Life :</b><b>I read a book</b><br />
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<b>number eight</b> : I try to<b> read a book</b> or learn something new every dayand I love to do this because it's something that I truly enjoy but thereare other benefits to it especially when it comes to brain health so as we agethere is that natural decline in our memories it happens but mentalstimulation can slow down that decline so for me it's reading I willlike to learn new things for you it could be whatever works for you ifyou're a reading person <b>read a book</b> fiction and nonfiction both have their benefits if you're not into <b>reading</b> learning a new language on an app suchas duolingo could work or you could watch something every day like shortsnippets on Ted Ed to learn something new it's all about keeping your brainengaged and stimulated<br />
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<b> </b><b>Change your Life :</b><b> I try to spend quality time with loved ones every day</b><br />
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<b>number 9</b> : <b>I try to spend quality time with loved ones every day</b> and I want to underline the word quality time because a lot of us end upspending time with our loved ones but we're on our <b>phones</b> and we're notproperly engaged with them they're not really talking to them it's not good communication and this happens to every body it's just the digital age thatwe live in I used to scroll on my <b>phone</b> next my husband and I felt like I wasspending time with him but that wasn't really spending time so now no <b>phones</b> properly talked to him I spent time with my cats - I find that cuddling a pet ora human - can help you release oxytocin which is known as the cuddle hormone orthe love hormone and it can help reduce stress<br />
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<b> </b><b>Change your Life :</b><b> I avoid phones in theone hour before bed</b><br />
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<b>number 10 </b>:<b> I avoid phones in theone hour before bed</b> so I used to be on my <b>phone</b> right <b>before bed </b>and I found it very difficult to fall asleep because my brain was all over the place it was very mentally stimulated and <b>phones</b> also emit something known as blue light and thatblue light is something that your brain thinks is they like so when you're onyour <b>phone</b> and that blue light is going to your brain your brain thinks it's nottime to sleep so it won't produce melatonin very well and it becomesharder to sleep I actually have talked about this in another articles on sleepwhich I will link in the I tried to do is Iswitched my <b>phone</b> off an hour or an hour and a half before bed like flight modeso I don't look at any notifications I don't look at anything and that way I'mactually able to sleep better I hope you find this article useful and you enjoyedit if you liked it give it a thumbs up and don't forget to share because Icreate article like this every week and before you go let me know in the commentbox below what is the one habit that has <b>changed your life</b> I will see you in thenex <br />
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.........................<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></span></b>...................... </div>
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Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-30300264764017413532020-07-25T11:06:00.002-07:002020-08-10T04:55:37.367-07:00ভাবমুক্তি : জীবনের কিছু বদলে দেওয়া কথা : Life History <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
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<br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">ভাবমুক্তি : জীবনের কিছু বদলে দেওয়া কথা : Life History</h2><br />
আমরা সকলেই মানুষের নামে বড় হয়েছি বড় হয়ে গড়ছি নিজেকে, সমাজকে আর সভ্যতাকে। নিজেকে গড়ে তােলার জন্য প্রশ্রয় দিয়েছি মিথ্যাকে, <b>ভন্ডামিকে</b>, আর নিজের উড়ু উড়ু মনের সাজানাে <b>বাকশক্তিকে</b>। নামেই শুধু সমাজ গড়ছি। সমাজের নাম করেই গড়ে তুলছি নিজের <b>প্রতিপত্তি</b>, <b>স্ট্যাটাস</b>, আর স্বার্থ গঠনের নানান চিন্তাভাবনা।<br />
আমাদের সভ্যতা সে তাে ফেলে আশা অতীতের হাত ধরে ভবিষ্যতের স্বপ্ন দেখে এগিয়ে চলেছে বর্তমান মিথ্যাশিত মানবতাকে নিয়ে নামেই আমরা শুধু চলমান জীব। নামকে বজায় রেখেই আমরা এগিয়ে চলেছি দিনের পর দিনকে অতিক্রম করে। আমাদের সর্বজনের সঙ্গী সমাজ সে তাে অনেক দূরেই থেকে গেছে। বারবার চিৎকার করে বলছে আমাকে ছেড়ে যেও না। আমি তােমাদের ভাবী <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/Jivan-Sutra-.html" target="_blank">জীবনের</a> স্বপ্ন </b>গড়ার পথিক।<br />
আমরা তার কথা শুনেও তাকে হেয় করে ছুটছি যৌবন আর অর্থ লালসার পিছনে, বর্তমান আমরা যৌবনের সময়টাকে উপচ্ছে, ওটা নদীর ন্যায় বইয়ে দিতে চাইছি। এই জল মাটির শুষ্কতা পূর্ণ করলেও জল পূর্ণ পাত্রটির জল ভাগ অনেকটাই শুন্য হয়ে যায়।<br />
পৃথিবীতে <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/Jivan-Sutra-.html" target="_blank">জীবন</a></b> মানেই যৌবন কালের সঙ্গে যুক্ত। কিন্তু বর্তমান যৌবনের কোন কালই খুঁজে পাওয়া যায় না। কারণ অতীতের চেয়ে আমরা অনেক শিখিত হয়েছি। জ্ঞান হবার সঙ্গে সঙ্গেই নারী পুরুষের সম্পর্কটাকে বুঝে নিচ্ছি। সঙ্গ দোষে, সিনেমা, থিয়েটারে এবং উভয়েরই চলন বলনে। আজকের মতন অতীতের সময় থেকেই চলে আসছে নারী পুরুষের <b>ভালােবাসা</b> ও মধুর সম্পর্ক। তার সকলেই সন্তানের মা, বাবা হয়েছে। দুঃখ কষ্টের সঙ্গে লড়াই করে তিলে তিলে বাঁচিয়ে রেখেছেন সত্যের প্রাণ বিন্দুটি।<br />
তাদের গঠনকেই অবলম্বন করে দাঁড়িয়ে আছি আমরা বর্তমান শিক্ষিত সমাজ। শিক্ষার প্রাচুর্যতা আমাদেরকে এগিয়ে নিয়ে গেলেও আমরা জড়িয়ে পড়েছি লােভনীয় মিথ্যার জালে, যে জাল আমাদেরই তৈরী আজ সেই জালকেই আমরা শরীর থেকে আলাদা করতে পারছি না কারণ আমরা অভিমুন্যর মতন গঠনটাকে ভালােভাবে জেনে বুঝে নিয়েছি কিন্তু বিপদকালে তার ভাঞ্জনটাকে মন থেকে বুঝে নিতে পারিনি। তাই আমরা মানব শ্রেষ্ঠ হয়েও সব দিক থেকে হেয় হয়ে পড়েছি। অর্থ, সম্পদ, প্রাচুর্য, এই সৰকে যতই আমরা আত্ম জীবনের সর্বেসর্বা মনে করি না কেন।<br />
মৃত্যুর কাছে এর কোন মূল্যই নেই। যে বস্ত্রহীন দেহে মাটির বুকে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। সমগ্র পৃথিবীটাকে নিজের নিজের বলে চিৎকার করি। একদিন নিজের সমস্ত, আশা, স্বপ্ন, ধন দৌলত সবকিছুকে ফেলে বস্ত্রহীন দেহে মাটিতেই মিশে যেতে হয়। তাই বলি “মৃত্যু জীবনের এক অবাক বিস্ময়, ডাকিলে সে তােমারে কেহ সঙ্গী নাহি রয়। আপন মর্মের বন্ধু যে জন, সেদিন সেও ছােটে প্রাণ পন।<br />
যাদের ভালােবাসায় আমাদের স্পন্দনটি প্রস্ফুটিত হল এই আলাের জগতে।<br />
যারা স্বপ্ন আশাকে ভরসা করে দুঃখ কষ্ট এবং কতক লাঞ্ছনা সয়ে বড় করে তুলল আমাদের অর্থাৎ এই যুব সমাজকে দেখিয়ে বুঝিয়ে দিল জীবনের চলার পথকে সাজিয়ে দিল আমাদের স্বপ্ন। আর আমরা তাদের জন্য কি করলাম? যা করার নয় তাই করছি, তাদের যখন কোন অবলম্বনের প্রয়ােজন, তখন আমরা তাদের কাছ থেকে দুরে সরে যাচ্ছি দু’বেলা আহারের জন্য তাদেরকে কতই না মর্যাদাহানি করছি।<br />
যারা আমাদের বিশ্বাস গড়ল তাদেরকে আমরা অবিশাস করছি। বর্তমান সন্তান হয়ে আমরা মা বাবাকে বহন অসাধ্য বােঝা মনে করে<br />
ফেলে দিচ্ছি, মাটিতে তাই কবিতার ভাষায় বলি<br />
“জানি সব তবু করি ভুল, সেদিন আসবে ঘুরে,<br />
আজ সাহেবি ছেলের অভাগা পিতামাতা, মরছে যে অনাহারে, আমরা যেদিন আসব হেথা, বুঝব সেদিন তাদের ব্যথা। থাকবে না আর কোন কুল, জানি সব তবু করি ভুল।”<br />
কিন্তু কেন বর্তমান সমাজের এমন চিহ্ন? যারা দিন রাতের হিসাব না করে আমাদের বােঝা দীর্ঘদিন বহন করে এসেছেন আজ তাদের অল্প সময়ের বােঝা বহন করতে গিয়ে নিজের ভাবসামটিাই হারিয়ে ফেলছি। আমরা যৌবন আর অর্থ লালসার মােহে, নিজের জন্ম লাভের মার্টিকেই পাথর দিয়ে ঢেকে ফেলেছি, রক্ত সম্পর্কের সব কিছুকেই ব্যবসার হিসার তালিকার সঙ্গে যুক্ত করে। হিংসা আর মিথ্যা দিয়ে তাকে বাজারে বিক্রি করে ফেলেছি আমরা শিক্ষিত হয়েও কেউই বুঝতে পারছি না। মিথ্যা এবং হিংসা দিয়ে রক্তের সম্পর্কটাকে ধরে রাখা যায় না।<br />
সম্পর্ক রাখতে হলে ভালােবাসা, বিশ্বাস এবং আন্তরিণ দয়ামায়ার প্রয়ােজন। পূণর্মিমান পৃথিবীতে সবকিছুর মতন আমরাও যখন ঘুরে আসব জীবনের শেষ সময়ে। তখন অতীতটাকে মর্মের বােধশক্তি দিয়ে বুঝতে পারব। তিলে গ্রহণ করতে হচ্ছে।<br />
তাই আমাদের মনে রাখা উচিত <b>জীবনে</b> চলতে গেলে তিলে ভাবব না বুঝে যে গাছ, আমরা পুতে এসেছিলাম সেই গাছেরই ফল আজ সময়, বিবেক এবং ভাবনা এই তিনাকে সঙ্গে রেখে এগােতে থাকলে জীবনের শেষ সময় প্রচণ্ড কেউ না কেউ নিশ্চয় আমাদের অবলম্বন হয়ে থাকবে। তাই বলি “জশাহ দুয়ারে দাও খুলি সেই স্বার, মৃত্যুর পরেও মরিবে তােমারে বার বার আত্মা ও জ্ঞানের ভান্ডার দিয়া।<br />
দাও কিছু অনােরে দান করিয়া।"<br />
এবং আমারা যতই দুর্বল কিংবা আমরা যতই দুর্বল দুর্বল কিংবা অর্থহীনা হয়ে পড়ি না কেন কোন পরিস্থিতিতেই নিজের ভাবনাকে কারাের কাছে বিক্রি করে দেওয়া উচিত নয়। আমাদের প্রত্যেকের ভাবনা প্রত্যেকের কাছে অন্ধকার পথের একবিন্দু আলাের শিখার ন্যায় উজ্জ্বল। একের পর একের কাছে নিজের ভাবনাকে বিক্রি করায় চেয়ে নিজের কোন কাজে লাগলে সেই কাজই সমাজের কাছে এক মহৎ ব্যক্তিত্যের কাজ হয়।<br />
আজ ও আমরা নিজেকে <b>বুদ্ধিমান</b>, <b>জ্ঞানী</b> এবং শিক্ষিত বলে মনে করি সাজানাে সমাজের বহি্জগতের কাছে কিন্তু ভেতর জগতে আমাদের মধ্যে কোন কিছুই নেই। তাইতাে মাতৃপিতৃ স্নেহ মমতাকে হারিয়ে ভ্রাতৃত্বকে স্বার্থ দিয়ে ঢেকে ফেলেছি আমরা এই শিক্ষিত সমাজ। এই হলাম আমরা <b>বিবেক বুদ্ধি সম্পন্ন জীব</b>।<br />
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........................<a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"> <b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Life History</span></b></a>.......................<br />
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Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-2058401669463918842020-07-25T03:04:00.003-07:002020-08-10T04:57:49.814-07:00জীবন সুত্র<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><b>জীবন সুত্র</b></h2>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNHJjwybLmgRNcBvCi8Ija8VZEaO3JHg1GHd7DRNpoxGJ2dWmBGH-IxOmug3BpHQVjfu8Tt9XMysqNGaJ2lLgbvKu3i3JWmis0ix4Yi9kqNd8M4Op9-yQWoAe9pYoTaDiOep5VVznTBt0/s1600/bullock-2830311__480+%25281%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="জীবন সুত্র" border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="454" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNHJjwybLmgRNcBvCi8Ija8VZEaO3JHg1GHd7DRNpoxGJ2dWmBGH-IxOmug3BpHQVjfu8Tt9XMysqNGaJ2lLgbvKu3i3JWmis0ix4Yi9kqNd8M4Op9-yQWoAe9pYoTaDiOep5VVznTBt0/s320/bullock-2830311__480+%25281%2529.jpg" title="জীবন সুত্র" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">কর্ম জীবন </b></td></tr>
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।। প্রথমমেই বলে রাখি আপনার হাতে সময় থাকলে পড়ুন না হলে সেভ করে রাখতে পারেন,, পরে পুরোটা পড়ুন<br />
তারপর আপনি ভাবুন আপনার জীবন কতোটা সত্য আপনার জীবন বদলে যেতে পারে এটি পড়ার পর। <br />
তাপস প্রধানের লেখা <b>( ভাব মুক্তি) </b>এই বইটি থেকে<br />
নেওয়া ।।<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>প্রথম পর্ব</b></h3>
জন্মের সন্ধিক্ষণের শুভ সূচনাই হল <b>জীবন</b> কথাটির শুরু। মহামানব তীর্থের দুটি প্রাণের স্নেহ মমতার মিলন সুত্র ধরেই কুসুমিত হয় মানবরুপী এক শিশু পুষ্পের।<br />
এবং এই ফুটন্ত পুষ্পই জীবন নামের হাত ধরে নিজেকে জীব বলে প্রমাণিত করে ধরণীতে। শুরুতেই জীবন যখন ধরণীতে দেহ স্পর্শ করে। তখন এই<br />
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প্রতিশ্রুতির হাত ধরে প্রতিঙ্কিত হয় যে সে সত্যের হাত ধরে চলবে, হিংসাকে স্পর্শ করবে না এগিয়ে যাওয়ার সঙ্গে সঙ্গে তার বড় হবার হুঙ্কারটাকে কখনােই</div>
সে এগিয়ে নিয়ে যাবে না। ধর্মের প্রতি, <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/swami-vivekananda-life-history19_19.html" target="_blank">কর্মের</a></b> প্রতি এবং তার জন্মদাতা ও দাত্রির প্রতি। ও তাকে প্রেরিত সেই আরাধনার মহাশক্তির প্রতি সব সময় শত ব্যবহার, সৎ চেষ্টা ও সৎ ন্যায় বিশ্বাসের দ্বারা নিজেকে এগিয়ে নিয়ে যাবে জীবনের সেই মুহূর্তের কাছে। যে মুহূর্তকে সকলে হাসি, খুশি এবং চলন বলনের মধ্যে শান্তির আলিঙ্গন করতে চায়। কিন্তু জীবন যােদ্ধা শিশুরা জ্ঞান শক্তি বৃদ্ধির দ্বারা যতই জীবনের দিকে এগােতে থাকে ততই ভুলতে থাকে তাদের শুরুর প্রতিশ্রুতি গুলি। ভুলতে থাকে তারা তাদের কর্তব্য এবং দায়িত্ব ভারগুলি।<br />
আর সব জীবনের মত তারাও তাদের <b>জীবনটাকে</b> ভাসিয়ে দেয় অনেক অগােছালাে সবকিছুর মধ্যে। তারা আত্মত্যাগের পরিবর্তে আত্ম গঠনের চিন্তাভাবনায় ডুবে থাকে অতীত ভবিষ্যতের সবকিছুকে ভুলে। বর্তমানের রূপরেখাগুলিকে ভুল পথের সন্ধান দেয়। এবং নিজের দেহ দেশের উজ্জ্বল সুখটার উদয়কাল পরিবর্তন করে অন্তের সীমানায় পৌঁছে দেয়। এই সব প্রক্রিয়া কখনোই জীবন কথাটির জন্মের পর থেকে মৃত্যু এই মহৎ সময়ে সব জাতির 'অন্তর্দেশে ঘুমিয়ে থাকে অর্থ হতে পারে না।<br />
আমার মতে জীবন কথাটির অর্থ হল (জাবিত বন্ধুর ন্যায়) বন্ধুত্বের সেই মহাশক্তি। ঘুমিয়ে থাকে মানবতাবােধ। বন্দী হয়ে থাকে বহির্জগতের<br />
প্রাপ্ত অনেক কিছু। এত সৌন্দর্যময় পৃথিবীর সর্ব সৌন্দর্যের সুত্রই হল মানবের ইচ্ছা শক্তি। আর সেই ইচ্ছা শক্তির দ্বারাই সামনের সব কিছুকে সুন্দর করে<br />
তুলি আমরা। কিন্তু আসল সৌন্দর্যটাকে কখনােই গড়ে তুলতে চেষ্টা করি না। এই চেষ্টাহীন মনােবৃত্তির জন্যই আমরা পারি না আমাদের ভেতরের অনেক<br />
সত্ত্বাকে জাগিয়ে তুলতে। যা পারে মানবের চরিতার্থ গঠন করতে। এবং<b> </b>মানব জীবনে সব সমস্যার সমাধান করতে। কিন্তু আমরা প্রকৃতির কোন কিছুর মত।<br />
নয়। যে বৃক্ষ তার ফলগুলিকে প্রকৃতি, মাটি, সূর্য এবং কত ঝড় ঝাপটাকে প্রতিহত করে। দিনে রাতে এত লড়াই করে বাঁচানাে ফুল-ফলগুলিকে সে নিজের<br />
হাতে না রেখে করে দেয় সর্ব সকলের কাছে।<br />
এই প্রকৃতির বুকে যেমন জল, আলাে, বাতাস, প্রবল শক্তিশালী তারা চাইলে এই সুন্দর স্বপ্নময়ী পৃথিবীকে এক নিমেষে শেষ করে দিতে পারে আবার তাদেরই<br />
স্থিরতা গড়ে তােলে এই প্রকৃতির বুকে কত সৌন্দর্যতা, অসংখ্য মায়া, মমতা , আশা, ভরসা, বিশ্বাস দান করে যায় কত অসংখ্য জীবনের মাঝে, ভেঙে যাওয়াকে<br />
গড়ে তােলে আবার কত ঘুমন্ত জীবনকে জাগিয়ে দেয়। ঠিক এই রকম জীবনের তালিকায় চারটে জিনিস খুব শক্তিশালী। (১) <b>সততা</b>, (২) <b>অহিংসা</b>, (৩) <b>ভালােবাসা</b>,<br />
(৪) <b>চেষ্টা</b>।<br />
(১) সততা—বর্তমান যুগের কাছে বড়ই মূল্যহীন, বিশ্বাসহীন এবং দুঃখ দারিদ্রতা মাখানো এক কঠিন অবক্ষয় ভেবে, তাকে ছুঁড়ে ফেলে দিয়েছি দূরের<br />
এক মিথ্যার ডাস্টবিনের মধ্যে। আর আমরা মিথ্যার হাত ধরে এগিয়ে নিয়ে চলেছি, মিথ্যাশ্রিত প্রজন্মকে। ফেলে দেওয়া সত্যের জায়গায় যদি মিথ্যাটাকে<br />
ফেলে দিয়ে সত্যটাকে তুলে এনে যদি তার হাত ধরে <b>জীবনে</b> চলা যায় তাহলে <b>জীবনের</b> শুরুতে দারিদ্রতা অর্থের অভাব হয়তাে থাকবে কিন্তু মনে শান্তির<br />
বিকাশের অভাব হয়তাে হবে না। মনের মধ্যে কোন ভয়ের অবকাশ ঘটবে না । ভালােবাসার মধ্যেও গড়ে উঠবে এক নতুনত্ব। <b>জীবনে</b> এগিয়ে যাওয়ার এক<br />
উজল প্রচেষ্টা, আর সেই প্রচেষ্টাই পৌঁছে দেবে <b>জীবনের</b> এক সুন্দর লক্ষ্যে। এবং সেই লক্ষ্যকে কোনদিন কেউ ছেদন করতে পারবে না। চারিদিকে এক নতুন সুখ শান্তির উজ্জ্বলত ঘুরে বেড়াবে। তখনই অনুভব করা যাবে। সত্য দুঃখ, যন্ত্রণা, নিয়ে প্রবেশ করলেও তার পশ্চাতে নিয়ে আসে সে অনেক বেশি সুখ শান্তির বিশাল রত্ন ভান্ডার যাকে কেউ ভেঙে ফেলতে পারে না। যার আনন্দ কোনদিন শেষ করা যায় না। যার মাধুৰ্য্যতাকে চলন্ত জীবনের আন্তরিক সম্পদ ভেবে আলিঙ্গন করা যায়।<br />
(২) <b>অহিংসা—এই জগতে জীবনকে পিছনে টেনে রাখার সুত্রই হল হিংসা,</b><br />
আর এই হিংসা আমাদের প্রত্যেকের কাছে রােজের আহার বাহারের মতন প্রবেশ করে আছে আমাদের মনের মধ্যে। এবং বিশ্বাসের মধ্যে, তাই তাে আলাের জগতে থেকেও আলােকে উপভােগ করতে পারি না। পারি না <b>অহিংসার</b> চোখ দিয়ে দেখে সঠিক বিচার করতে। তাইতো ভুল আর ভুল মাকড়সার<br />
জালের মতন ঘিরে রেখেছে চারিদিক নিয়ে। আমরা <b>হিংসাকে</b> সঙ্গী করে এইটুকু ভুলে গেছি যে হিংসার দ্বারা কোন কিছুকে জয় করা যায় না। <b>হিংসার</b> দ্বারা<br />
নিজেকেই শুধু বড় করা যায় কিন্তু বাইরের জগতের কাছে অনেক বেশি ছােট্ট করে দেয়। <b>অহিংসাই জগতের মূলশক্তির উৎস</b>, <b>অহিংসার</b> দ্বারা সবকিছুকে জয় করা যায়।<br />
বিশ্বাস পাওয়া যায়, ভরসা পাওয়া যায়, পাওয়া যায় খুশি আনন্দের এক বৃহৎ সত্যকে। চারিদিকে নতুনের বিকিরণ ঘটে। ফিরিয়ে আনা যায় হারানাে অনেক কিছুকে। এক <b>অহিংসাই</b> অনেক <b>হিংসা</b> বিকৃত মনকে ভালােবাসার বন্ধনে ফিরিয়ে আনতে পারে।।<br />
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<b>(৩) ভালােবাসা জীবনের শুরু থেকে শেষ এই মহৎ সময়ের একমাত্র সঙ্গী হল ভালােবাসা।</b><br />
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তাই <b>ভালােবাসা</b> শুধু <b>শারীরিক সম্পর্কের</b> মধ্যেই বেঁচে থাকে না। বেঁচে থাকে আন্তরিকতা আর <b>বিশ্বাসের</b> মধ্যে। <b>জীবনের</b> সমস্ত ভুল সমস্ত ঘৃণা এবং সমস্ত বিচ্ছেদের আসল সংশােধনের আস্থাই ফল <b>ভালােবাসা</b>। <b>ভালােবাসাকে</b> বিক্রি না করে তাকে আপন করে নেওয়াটাই আমাদের মূলধর্ম। <b>ভালােবাসা</b> হল একই বৃক্ষের ভিন্ন আকারের ফল। তাই দুঃখ যন্ত্রণাময় <b>জীবনে</b> সুখ শান্তিকে পাওয়ার জন্য কখনােই অপর বৃক্ষের ফল গ্রহণের প্রয়ােজন নেই।<br />
<b>আন্তরিকতার দ্বারা গ্রহণ করলে এক </b>বৃক্ষের ফলের মধ্যেই। ভিন্ন বৃক্ষের মলের স্বাদ পাওয়া যায়। <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/swami-vivekananda-life-history11.html" target="_blank">কর্মজীবনে</a></b> প্রত্যেক মালিক পক্ষের কাছে যদি ভালোবাসা সঙ্গী হয়ে থাকে<br />
তাহলে তার দ্বারা<b> কর্মের উপযুক্ত কর্মচারীকে</b> উৎসাহী করে তােলা যায় এবং তার দ্বারা মালিকদের এগিয়ে নিয়ে যায় উন্নতির উজ্জ্বল আলাের রেখার দিকে।<br />
<b>ভালােবাসা</b> প্রত্যেকের মনে উদিত <b>সূর্যের</b> ন্যায় প্রখর। সেই প্রখরতাই যেন <b>জীবনকে</b> এগিয়ে নিয়ে যায় আরাে বেশি <b>আলোর জগতে</b>।<br />
<b>(৪) চেষ্টা—চেষ্টাও হল জীবনের আর একটি বড় গুরুত্বপূর্ণ পদক্ষেপ।</b><br />
<b>চেষ্টা</b> করলে হবে না এমন কোন কাজ নেই এই মানব জগতে। মনের মধ্যে বিশ্বাস রেখে <b>চেষ্টার</b> হাত ধরে এগিয়ে গেলে জয় কেউ রুখতে পারবে না।<br />
পার্থক্য শুধু সময়ের ব্যবধানের। <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/swami-vivekananda-life-history19_19.html" target="_blank">কর্মের মূল</a> </b>উৎসই হল <b>চেষ্টা</b> আর <b>চেষ্টার</b> উৎসই হল এগিয়ে যাওয়া। একটি শিশু <b>চেষ্টার</b> দ্বারাই ধীরে ধীরে বড় হয়ে<br />
ওঠে। একটি <b>সুপ্ত বীজ চেষ্টার</b> দ্বারাই <b>প্রকৃতির</b> কাছ থেকে তার প্রয়োজনীয় জিনিস সংগ্রহ করে ধীরে ধীরে বড় হয়ে ওঠে <b>প্রকৃতির</b> বুকে। তাই আমাদের<br />
প্রত্যেকের মধ্যেই চেষ্টা ঘুমিয়ে আছে। তাকে জাগিয়ে এগিয়ে নিয়ে যাওয়াটাই হল আমাদের <b>জীবনের</b> লক্ষ্যে পৌঁছানাে। এমনকি সে নিজের প্রজন্ম গঠনের জন্য সে তার স্নেহ মমতার একবিন্দুকেও ধরে রাখতে পারে না। সময় অনুসারে পুণরায় সে লড়াই করে সৃষ্টি করে দানও<br />
করে দেয় সবকিছু। স্রোতধারী নদীও চলতে চলতে খুজে বেড়ায় অন্য কোন পথ, যে পথে সে তার নিজের দেহকে বিস্তার করে ভরিয়ে দিতে চায়। কতেক<br />
<b>জীবনের</b> শূন্য উচ্ছাসগুলিকে। নিজে আঘাত প্রাপ্ত অবস্থায় চলেও সকলকে দান করে বেঁচে থাকার স্বপ্নগুলি। এইভাবে প্রকৃতি আমাদেরকে অনেক কিছুই দান। করতে থাকে। কিন্তু আমরা তাদের দানকে শুধু স্বেচ্ছায় গ্রহণ করিনা বরং তাদের কাছ থেকে আরাে কিছু পাওয়াকে জোর করে ছিনিয়ে নিয়ে আমাদের<br />
বেশি পাওয়াটাকে দেউলিয়া করে তুলি। এইটাই আমাদের কাছে ভগ্ন বিশ্বাস। তাই তাে আমরা নিঃশ্বাসটাকে প্রকৃত সময়ের কাছে পৌঁছে দিতে পারি না। কত আশা কত স্বপ্নকে সঙ্গে নিয়ে ছুটতে ছুটতে অজ্ঞাতভাবে পড়ে যাই মৃত্যু গহূরে।<br />
আর স্বপ্ন আশাগুলি শুনেই ভেসে থেকে যায় কারাের অপেক্ষায়। <b>জীবনে</b> ধর্ম যাত্রার আসরে আমরা সকলেই অভিনয় করে চলি। সে চেয়ে খাওয়া ভিক্ষুক<br />
থেকে নিয়ে কোটিপতি পর্যন্ত। সকলেই সর্ব দেবতার সামনে করজোড়ে নিজের দুঃখ, যন্ত্রণা, চাওয়া, পাওয়ার গােপন উক্তিকে প্রকাশ করি। আপন ইচ্ছাপূরণের জন্য। কিন্তু বিবেকহীন, বুদ্ধিহীন, জ্ঞানহীন স্বার্থলােভী মানুষ আমরা। তাই যথাসময়ে<br />
ইচ্ছাটা পূরণ না হলেই <b>ঈশ্বরের</b> প্রতি বিশ্বাস মন থেকে মুছে ফেলি। মনে মনে তাকে কতরকম ভৎসনা দিতে থাকি। তাকে লক্ষ্য করে দেওয়া নকুলদানা,<br />
বাতাসাগুলি বন্ধ করে দিয়ে সামান্য টাকা বাঁচিয়ে বিশ্বাসের দেবতারে, অবিশ্বাসের জায়গায় ছুড়ে ফেলি। কিন্তু সময়ের হিসাব নিকাশ তখনই শেষ হয়ে যায় না।<br />
<b>জীবনের</b> মুহূর্ত কখন যে বদলে যেতে পারে, তা কেউই বলতে পারে না। তাই আরাধনার দেবতার সামনে গিয়ে বিপদটাকে রুখে দেওয়ার প্রার্থনা করি। আর<br />
আবার কোন মুহূর্তে যখন বিপন এসে দাঁড়ায়। তখনই আমরা আবার আত্ম যদি সত্যিই সেই বিপদ রুখে যায় তাহলে ভগবানকে সত্যিই ভগবান ভাবি, না<br />
হলে ভাবি শয়তান। আমরা এইটুকু ভাবিনা যে যেটা হবার সেটা যে কোনভাবেই হবে। কেউ তাকে রােধ করতে পারবে না। কিন্তু আমাদের বােধশক্তি বিশ্বাস<br />
অবিশ্বাসের। তাই না পাওয়ার <b>বিশ্বাসটাকে অবিশ্বাসের</b> হাতে তুলে দিই। সত্যিই যদি আমাদের দেওয়া দান দেবদেবীরা গ্রহণ করতেন তাহলে তাদেরকে দেওয়া আহার সামগ্রী আমরা দু'চারদিনের বেশি কখনােই দিতাম না। তাদেরকে আমরা এইটুকুই দিতাম যে হয়তাে তাদেরকে গর্ত খুঁড়ে পুঁতে ফেলতাম, না হয় তাদের দানের ভয়ে কোন ছলনায় তাদের তুলে আছাড় দিতাম। শুধু তাহারা কোন কিছু গ্রহণ করে না বলেই আমরা তাদেরকে শ্রদ্ধা করি, ভক্তি করি, মনের দুঃখ কষ্ট মুখ চোখ, হাত, পা বেঁধে অন্ধের মতন একস্থানে বসিয়ে রাখতাম। আর না হয় বিপদ আপদকে কর জোড়ে জানাই সবকিছুর মুক্তি সাধনের জন্য। কিন্তু ভুল আমাদের একটাই যে, সত্য লাভের জন্য সময়কে অপেক্ষা করি না। জীবনে আশায় বৃক্ষ স্থাপন করি এবং তার কাছ থেকে ফল চেয়ে বসি। কোন মতেই<br />
কোন কিছুকেই চাওয়ার সঙ্গে সঙ্গে পাওয়া যায় না। যেমন আমরা ফলের সে বৃক্ষ আমাদের আশা পূরণ করতে পারে না।<br />
তবু আমরা আমাদের চাওয়াটাকে অপেক্ষায় রাখতে না পেরে কৃত্রিম উপায় <b>বৃক্ষটির</b> উপর প্রয়ােগ করে তার পরিপূর্ণ দানের শক্তিটাকে আমরা জোর করে ছিনিয়েনি। ফলে ঐ ছিনিয়ে নেওয়া<br />
ফলটি আমাদের শরীরের পক্ষে উপযােগী হয়ে ওঠে না। এবং সময়ের অধিক পাওয়াটাও মেটে না। প্রাপ্য জীবনে এটাই সত্য যে চাওয়ার মুহুর্ত কখনােই<br />
পাওয়ার যােগ্য হয়ে ওঠে না। সময়ের অপেক্ষাতেই পাওয়ার যােগ্য মূল্য লাভ করা যায়। ঈশ্বর কখনােই আহারের অপেক্ষায় বসে থাকেন না। তিনি সেই<br />
অপেক্ষাতেই বসে থাকেন যে মানুষ বিশ্বাসের দ্বারা, <b>ভক্তির</b> দ্বারা এবং অপেক্ষার দ্বারা তাকে স্মরণ করলেই তিনি শরণাপন্ন হন। এবং দিনরাত উপবাস করে,<br />
নিজের আত্মাকে কষ্ট দিয়ে কখনােই ঈশ্বরাসীষ লাভ করা যায় না। <b>ক্ষুধার</b> যন্ত্রণা <b>পৃথিবীর</b> সমস্ত যন্ত্রণা থেকে বড় এবং ঈশ্বর কখনােই বলেননি নিজেকে কষ্ট<br />
দিয়ে আমার মন ভরাও। এবং বলেননি তােমরা ঢাক ঢোল বাজিয়ে, জাগিয়ে তেল আমাদের। নিজের মাথা ঠুকে রক্ত বার করে। আমার চক্ষু দৃষ্টিকে তােমাদের<br />
উপর ফেলিয়ে। তােমাদের সব চাওয়া পাওয়াকে পূর্ণ কর। নিজেদের বিশ্বাস নিজেদের কাছেই বড়। কিন্তু এই বিশ্বাসটা আমরা দান করি এই কারণে যে<br />
আমাদের চাওয়াটাকে পাওয়ার জন্য। আসলে বর্তমান আমরা এত বেশি চেয়ে ফেলি যে যা আমাদের প্রাপ্যের যােগ্য চাওয়া নয়। আর যখন আমাদের অতিরিক্ত<br />
পাওনাটা পুরণ না হয় তখনই আমরা প্রত্যেকে প্রত্যেকের আরাধনার দেবদেবীকে ভৎসনা দিতে থাকি। তার প্রতি ঘৃণার সৃষ্টি করি। বিশ্বাস হারাই, আর নিজেদের কপাল চাপড়ে বলতে থাকি বেকার বেকার তাকে এতদিন ফুল ফল দিয়ে এসেছি কত টাকার কাপড় দান করে এসেছি। সবটাই বেকার হয়ে গেল। কিন্তু আমরা কখনােই আমাদের লোভের ভুলটাকে মানতে চাই না। ভাঙতে চাই না। আত্ম অহঙ্কারের কাঠামােগুলােকে। তাই তাে সম্মুখে আর্থিক উন্নতি আসতে থাকলেও, পশ্চাতে অহঙ্কারের ক্ষয় হতে থাকে। বয়সের সঙ্গে পাল্লা দিতে দিতে আর্থিক উন্নতি থেমে গেলেও অহঙ্কারের ক্ষয় কিছুতেই থামে না। সে ঝরতে<br />
থাকা চুলের মতনই মৃত্যুর শেষদিন পর্যন্ত বারতে থাকে। তাই তাে আমরা গাছের মধ্যে থাকা যুটাকে সময় মত যত্ন নিয়ে তাকে গাছের সৌন্দর্যে ধরে রাখতে চাই না। যখন সে মাটিতে ঝরে পড়ে তখনই তাকে আমরা লক্ষ্য করে ভাবতে থাকি তার ঝরে পড়ার কারণটা। কিন্তু যখন আমরা সেই কারণটা। অনেক কষ্টে জেনে ফেলি তখন তাকে তুলে তার জীবিত স্থানে পৌছে দেওয়া<br />
কারাের পক্ষেই সম্ভব হয় না। কারণ মৃত্যুর হাতে যে স্পন্দন আবদ্ধ হয়ে যায়। সে স্পন্দন কখনােই পশ্চাতের দিকে এগােয় না। তাই তার আশা স্বপ্নের কোন পূর্ণ প্রাপ্তিও ঘটে না। এক খুব নামী ডাক্তার যে চিকিৎসায় ভগবানের সমান ,সেও কোন বড় অপারেশনের আগে লেনদেনের হিসাবটা যতই ভালাে করে করুক না কেন অপারেশন শুরুর আগে অবশ্যই সে তার আরাধনার ঈশ্বর কে স্মরণ করে তবেই ছুরি কাচি ধরেন। আর বাইরে অপেক্ষা করা রােগীর বাড়ির<br />
লােকের প্রতি নিঃশ্বাসে প্রশ্বাসে রক্ষা কর প্রভু, রক্ষা কর প্রভূ বলে কামনা করে বসে থাকেন ভেতরে থাকা রােগীর জন্য। কারণ বিশ্বাসে ঈশ্বর ঘুরে বেড়ালেও<br />
নিঃশ্বাসে মৃত্যু খেলা করে। তাই কার অন্যমনস্ক কে জয়ী হয়ে যায় বলা দুস্কর। আবার কোন ইঞ্জিনিয়ার শিক্ষা এবং অতিরিক্ত <b>কর্মের</b> উপার্জিত আর্থিক অহঙ্কারে পরিপূর্ণ হয়ে কোন দেবদেবীর পূজা পার্বনে খােলা হাত উঁচু করে জোর করেন না। কারণ তিনি সব দিক দিয়ে সর্বেসর্বা মনে করেন। কিন্তু তারা যখন মা বা<br />
বাবা হতে যান তখন তাদের সেই নাস্তিকতা ভালােবাসার পরশ মেখে ভবিষ্যতের সুন্দর বংশধর প্রাপ্তির তৃষ্ণানায় কাতর হয়ে আস্তিকতায় পরিণত হয়ে যায়। এবং অহঙ্কারের সেই ঝােলা হাত দুটি নির্দ্বিধায় বিশ্বাসী ভগবানের প্রতি একসঙ্গে উঠে বলতে থাকে রক্ষা কর ভগবান রক্ষা কর। প্রত্যেকের জীবনের আশেপাশেই ঘুরে বেড়াচ্ছে, এক অদৃশ্য শক্তি, যার জড়তাকেই আমরা মুর্তির আকারে এদিক<br />
ওদিক দেখতে পাই। আসলে সেটা একটা শুভ শক্তি, যার অনুভূতি বিশ্বাসের দ্বারাই লাভ করা যায়। <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/swami-vivekananda-life-history11.html" target="_blank">কর্মশক্তি</a></b> এবং শুভ শক্তির দ্বারা এই <b>মহাবিশ্বে</b> কত<br />
কিছুই না ঘটে যায়, যাকে আমার কেউ ভাবি না, বুঝি না এবং অনুভব করার চেষ্টা করি না। তাই আমরা শিক্ষার দিক দিয়ে অসাধারণ হলেও, সত্য শান্তি,<br />
কর্মীক ধার্মিকের পথে ইচ্ছামত পা ফেলতে না পারায় নিজেদের ভারসাম্যটাকে হারিয়ে ফেলি। অতএব এটাই আমাদের সঠিকভাবে জানা উচিত যে, আমাদের<br />
প্রত্যেকের ইচ্ছা শক্তির মধ্যেই লুকিয়ে আছেন আমাদের আরাধনার ঈশ্বর। শুধু <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/swami-vivekananda-life-history11.html" target="_blank">কর্তব্য</a></b> এবং শত বিশ্বাসের দ্বারাই তিনি জাগেন। আবার হিংসা অহঙ্কারেই তিনি ঘুমিয়ে পড়েন। যেমন<br />
(১) পাশাপাশি দুটি গাছ যাদের দূরত্ব প্রায় হাতখানেক। গাছের গােড়ায় গাছ থেকে নিঃসৃত কোন পিচ্ছিল পদার্থ আঠার আকারে পড়ে আছে। একটি মাকড়সা, একটি গাছে বসে তার খাদ্য শিকারের জাল বােনার জন্য আর একটি গাছে যাওয়ার উপায় কিছুতেই খুঁজে পাচ্ছে না। সে ঐ গাছটাতেই কিছুটা দূরত্বে ঝুলে আছে এই আশায় যে, আর একটি গাছ স্পর্শ করতে পারলেই জাল বুনে<br />
কিছুতে জীবনে ফিরে আসবে না। আবার যে যদি ওপরের ডালপালার দিকে আহারের ব্যবস্থা করতে পারবে। কিন্তু সে কিছুতেই তার ইচ্ছাটাকে পূরণ করতে<br />
পারছে না। কারণ নিচে তার মৃত্যু হাত বাড়িয়েই আছে। সেখানে সে পড়লে। যায় তাহলে সেখানে কোন পাখিরা তাকে মেরে ফেলবে। একমাত্র কোন হাওয়াই<br />
পারে তাকে এক গাছ থেকে অন্য গাছে পৌছে দিতে। এই সব ভাবনায় সে বড়ই চিন্তিত হয়ে পড়েছিল। কিন্তু ইচ্ছা শক্তি ভগবানের এমনই মহিমা এক<br />
ঝাঁক পাখির দল ঐ গাছের পাশ দিয়ে উড়ে চলে গেল। আর তাদের উড়ে যাওয়ায় যে হাওয়ার উৎপত্তি হল সেই হাওয়াতেই মাকড়সাটা কখন যে অন্য<br />
গাছে পৌঁছে গেছে সে বুঝতেই পারেনি। সে ভেবেছে হয়তাে সেই গাছটাকেই। সে ধরে আছে। কিন্তু না, সে ঘুরে দেখে তার জালবােনার আটালাে সুতাে দুটো<br />
গাছকেই স্পর্শ করে আছে। মাকড়সাটি মনের আনন্দে জাল বুনে আহার এবং থাকার ব্যবস্থা করল।<br />
(2) এক ছােট্ট গরীব পরিবার, কর্তা গিন্নি আর সাত বছরের ছেলে, তিন বছরের মেয়ে এবং এক বৃদ্ধা মা, সকলের আহার-বাহার, সুখ, দুঃখ, হাসিখুশির।<br />
একমাত্র উপার্জনের মাথাই হলেন কর্তা এবং সে কর্তার কমই হল ঘুগনি বিক্রি করা। ঘুগনিটা ঘরে গিন্নি বেশ মন দিয়ে বানিয়ে দিতেন। কারণ তার সেই<br />
বানানাের উপরেই নির্ভর করছে বিক্রি এবং বিক্রির উপর ভরসা করে আছে পাঁচটি প্রাণের আহার-বাহারের আশা। কর্তা, গিন্নি, বৃদ্ধা মা সকলেই ঈশ্বর<br />
বিশ্বাসী নিজেদের <b>দারিদ্রতার</b> জন্য। তাই প্রতিদিন কর্তা বেরােনাের সময় সকলেই <b>ঈশ্বরের</b> নাম নিয়ে তবেই ব্যবসার দিকে এগােতে থাকেন। শীত, গ্রীষ্ম, বর্যা প্রায়<br />
দিনই তার ঘুগনি বিক্রি হয়ে যায়। একবার প্রতি বছরের মত সে বছরেও তাদের গ্রামীণ পুজো হবে গ্রামের সকলেই যে যার সামর্থ অনুযায়ী নতুন জামাকাপড়<br />
পরে। কর্তা তার নিজের হােক না হােক তবু মা, বৌ এবং বাচ্চাদের যেমন পারে তেমনই লিনে দেয়। একবার পুজোর মাসখানেক আগে তার বিক্রির<br />
বাজারটা খুব মন্দা দেখা দিল। ঐদিকে ছেলেমেয়ে ভালাে জামাকাপড় চেয়ে বসেছে। গিন্নির ইচ্ছা ভালাে শাড়ি কেনার আর তার মা এবং নিজের তেমন<br />
কোন বাছাই নেই। কর্তা বড় চিন্তায় ঘুগনি বিক্রি করতে লাগলেন। যতই পুজোর দিন কাছে এগিয়ে আসতে থাকে ততই তিনি চিন্তিত হয়ে যান আর্থিক<br />
টানের চিন্তায়। পুজোর জন্য মাত্র পাঁচদিন বাকি আছে। কিন্তু কিছুই কর্তা কারাের জন্য কিনতে পারেননি। একদিন রাত্রে ফিরে এসে অনেক চিন্তা ভাবনায়<br />
স্থির করলেন যে কাল থেকে বেশি করে ঘুগনি বানিয়ে রাত পর্যন্ত বিক্রিনকরবেন। ঠিক তাই করলেন আগের চেয়ে বেশি ঘুগনি বানিয়ে বেরিয়ে পড়লেন<br />
বিক্রি করার জন্য। অনেক আশা নিয়ে কর্তা সকাল থেকে হাঁকতে হাঁকতে সন্ধেয় পৌছালেও তার ঘুগনির এক চতুর্থাংশ বিক্রি হল না। মনের দুঃখে<br />
ঠেলাটাকে এক জায়গায় রেখে মাথায় হাত দিয়ে চোখের জল মুছে বললেন, হে ভগবান কেন আমায় এমন শাস্তি দিচ্ছ, আমাকে না হয় কিছু না দাও কিন্তু<br />
আমার ছেলেমেয়েদের মুখে একটু হাসি ফোটাও ওরা তাে কোন অপরাধ করেনি,আর আমি তােমাকে বিশ্বাস করতে পারছি না প্রভু। এই বলে মনের দুঃখে<br />
ঘুগনি ঘুগনি বলে বাড়ির দিকে ফিরে যাচ্ছেন। ঐ রাস্তার পাশেই গৃহস্থের বাড়িতে বাচ্চার জন্মদিন পালন হচ্ছিল। তাতে অনেক বাচ্চা এবং অতিথি<br />
নিমন্ত্রিত হয়েছেন। রাতে লুচি আহার সেরেই সব ফিরছেন বাড়ি। ঘুগনিওয়ালা ঐখানেই দাঁড়িয়ে পড়েছেন এই আশায় যে তার ঘুগনি যদি কিছুটা বিক্রি হয়। গৃহস্থের বাচ্চারা যখন খেতে বসেছে হঠাৎ একটা বাচ্চার খাবারের থালায় ছােলার ডালের মধ্যে এক টুকরাে টিকটিকির লেজ দেখে বাচ্চাটা চিৎকার করে<br />
ওঠায় পুরাে অনুষ্ঠান বাড়িতে হৈ চৈ পড়ে যায়। তখন আর সময় ছিল না যে নতুন করে বানিয়ে সবাইকে খাওয়ানাের। কিন্তু বাইরের বানানাে ঘুগনির আওয়াজটা ঐ ঘরের খােলা জানালা দিয়ে ঢুকে কয়েকজনের কানে পৌঁছেছিল। কিন্তু বড়রা<br />
সে শব্দকে মনে মাখেনি। কিন্তু বাচ্চাদের কানে প্রবেশ করতেই তারা বলে উঠল ঐ তাে ঘুগনি বিক্রি হচ্ছে। এই কথায় গৃহ কর্তা কোন উপায় না পেয়ে ইচ্ছা ।না থাকা সত্যেও ঐ ঘুগনিওয়ালাকে ডেকে তার সমস্ত ঘুগনি তার আসল বিক্রির মূল্যের চেয়ে আরাে দু’গুণ বেশি মূল্য দিয়ে কিনে নিলেন এবং তার খাবারের সুস্বাদুতার বাহবা দিয়ে তাকে আরাে কিছু লুচি এবং মিষ্টি দান করলেন এবং বললেন তুমি রােজ এক কিলাে করে ঘুগনি আমাদেরকে দিয়ে যাবে। এছাড়া আরাে ওখানে থাকা অনেকেই হয়ে গেলেন প্রায় রােজের খরিদ্দার।<br />
গরীব ঘুগনীওয়ালা প্রসন্ন মনে ভগবানকে প্রণাম করে বাড়ি ফিরলেন। এবং সব কথা তার গিন্নি, মাকে বলার পর বললেন জানতাে ভগবান প্রত্যেকের ইচ্ছা।<br />
শক্তি এবং বিশ্বাসের মধ্যে আছেন এটা সত্য। এবং বিশ্বাসের ঐ সত্যের দ্বারাই তার ছেলে, মেয়ে, গিন্নি, মা এবং নিজের সমস্ত বাহারের ইচ্ছাগুলি পূরণ হল।<br />
(৩) এক অন্ধ ভিক্ষুক তার এক ছােট্ট ছেলের হাত ধরে সকালবেলায় বেরিয়ে পড়ে ভিক্ষার পাত্র নিয়ে। বাড়িতে অসুস্থ গিন্নি এবং জ্ঞানহীন শক্তিহীন তার জীবন। বাড়িতে থাকে এক ছােট্ট মেয়ে এবং বৃদ্ধ বাবা। এতগুলাে ভাঙা চোরা জীবনের ভরসা হল অন্ধ ও তার হাত ধরা ছোট্ট ছেলেটি। কোনদিন একশােটি টাকা উপার্জিত হয় আবার কোনদিন তার থেকে কিছু বেশি, আবার কোনদিন কম। এইভাবে ওঠানামা উপার্জনের মধ্যেই নুন ভাত, ডাল ভাত, কিংবা আলু ভাত খেয়েই কাটে তাদের পাঁচটি জীবনের দিনরাত। তার মধ্যে<br />
অসুখের ওষধু আনতে কিছুটা ধার দেনাও হয়ে যায়। এই বহু চিন্তার মধ্য দিয়েই কাটে তাদের দিন। সারাদিন ঘুরেও উপার্জনটা কিছুতেই তাদের বাড়ে না।<br />
কয়েক দিনের মধ্যেই অন্ধের বাবা মারা যান। বাবার শ্রাদ্ধ শান্তির জন্য টাকারও প্রয়োজন। কিন্তু বাড়তি টাকা তাকে দেবেই বা কে? 'আর দিলেই সে কি<br />
করে শােধ করবে। কোন কোনদিন নুন আনতে পান্তা ফুরিয়ে যায়। বড় চিন্তায় পড়ে যায়। অন্ধ। তবু যেমন করেই হােক বাবার শ্রাদ্ধ শাস্তি তাে করতেই হবে।<br />
কয়েকজনের কাছে সামান্য সামান্ত টাকা ধার চেয়েও পাওয়ার কোন আশাই পেল না। হাতে মাত্র দশটা দিন বাকি। বিশ্বাস একমাত্র ভগবান। আর ভিক্ষার<br />
পাত্র, বেরিয়ে পড়ল রােজের মতন ভিক্ষার রাস্তায় কিন্তু দুর্ভাগ্য যে উপানের কোন উন্নতিই হল না। এইভাবে দিনের পর দিন কেটে যায়, কিন্তু বাবার শ্রাদ্ধ<br />
শান্তির জন্য কোন বাড়তি টাকা আর জমাতে পারে না। শ্রাদ্ধের দিন যতই এগিয়ে আসে তার চিন্তার বােঝাটা ততই বাড়তে থাকে। এইভাবে আটটা দিন<br />
তার পেরিয়ে যায়। তার কাছে জমেছে মাত্র পঞ্চাশটি টাকা যা দিয়ে শুধু একটি গামছাই কেনা যায়। নয় দিনের মাথায় অন্ধ ও তার ছােট্ট ছেলেটি ঘরের<br />
দেবদেবীর মূর্তির কাছে গিয়ে দুজনেই হাতজোড় করে তাদের দুঃখের কথা জানিয়ে ভিক্ষা করতে বেরিয়ে পড়ে। সকাল থেকে বিকাল পর্যন্ত রােজের<br />
উপার্জনের চেয়ে মাত্র অর্ধেকটা ভিক্ষা প্রাপ্ত হল তাদের। অন্ধ হতাশায় ভগবানকে বলতে লাগল তােমাদের এত বিশ্বাস করে বলে এলাম তবুও আমাদের বিশ্বাসটা রাখলে না। তােমাদের যেদিন আমরা প্রণাম না করে আসি সেদিন আরাে বেশি ভিক্ষা পাই। এই দুঃখে অন্ধ একহাতে ভিক্ষা পাত্র এবং একহাতে ছেলের হাত<br />
ধরে বাড়ির দিকে এগােচ্ছে। বাটিতে মাত্র কয়েকটি খুচরাে পয়সা পড়ে আছে। এক দল বিদেশী তাদের বিপরীত দিক দিয়ে আসছিল। অন্ধের হাতে ভিক্ষা পাত্র<br />
দেখে তাদের মধ্যে একজন একশােটি টাকা ঐ পাত্রে ফেলার সঙ্গে সঙ্গে তাদের আর সকলে পঞ্চাশ টাকার নােট ঐ পাত্রে ফেল্লার ভিক্ষুকের শূন্য পাত্রটি পূর্ণ<br />
হয়ে গেল। অন্ধ এবং তার ছেলের মন খুশিতে ভরে উঠল। তার মাথায় যে একটা চিন্তার বােঝা চেপে বসেছিল তা আপনা থেকেই পায়ের তলায় পড়ে<br />
কোথায় যেন অদৃশ্য হয়ে গেল। অন্ধ বাড়িতে ঢুকেই সােজা ঠাকুরের সামনে সটান হয়ে শুয়ে হাতজোর করে বলল তােমরা আমায় ক্ষমা কর ভগবান। আমি<br />
না জেনে বুঝে তােমাদেরকে কত কিছুই না বলেছি। আজ বুঝলাম আমাদের ইচ্ছা শক্তির আশেপাশেই তােমরা ঘুরে বেড়াও। শুধু আমাদের সত্য বিশ্বাসের<br />
অপেক্ষায়। আমরা যদি অন্তর দিয়ে তােমাদের কাছে প্রার্থনা করি তাহলে তােমরা শান্তি সম্পন্ন করল।<br />
ঠিক সময়ে ঠিক সমস্যার সমাধান করে দাও। অন্ধ নির্ভাবনায় তার বাবার শ্রাদ্ধ<br />
(৪) রাস্তার ধারে একটি আমগাছ। আমের সময়ে প্রচুর আম ফলে তাতে। যে যেমনভাবে পায়ে গাছটির ওপর অত্যাচার করে আম পেড়ে নিয়ে যেত। এক অন্ধ ভিক্ষুক বরাবরই সেখানে বসে ভিক্ষা চাইত এবং রাতে সেখানেই রাত কাটাতাে। কিন্তু আমের সময় আম পড়ার ভয়ে সে পাশের একটি গাছের গােড়ায় থাকত। আবার গাছে আমি ফুরিয়ে গেলে ঐ গাছের গােড়ায় চলে<br />
আসত। গাছটিতে যেমন তার ফলন ছিল অধিক তেমন তার ফলের স্বাদও ছিল অধিক। অন্য বছরের মতন সে বছরেও গাছটিতে অনেক বেশি আম ফলেছে।<br />
কাচা থেকেই সবাই আম ঝরানাে শুরু করে দেয়। পাকার সময়ও বেশ অর্ধেকটা থেকে যায় গাছে। কিন্তু প্রতি বছর পাকা আমের বেশির ভাগটাই খান অন্ধ<br />
ভিক্ষুক। ভােরবেলায় উঠেই আগে তিনি পাকা আমগুলি কুড়িয়ে নেন। কিন্তু সে বছর কয়েকটি বেয়াড়া ছেলে ভােরের আগেই রােজ আম কুড়িয়ে নিয়ে যায়।<br />
অন্ধ ভােরবেলায় গাছের গােড়ায় গিয়ে হাতড়ে হাতড়ে একটি আমও খুঁজে পান না। তার মনটা বড় দুঃখী হয়ে যায়। কারণ প্রতি বছর তিনি সুমিষ্ট আম দিয়ে<br />
ভাত, রুটি খান আর এ বছর তিনি একটাও আম পাননি। দেখতে দেখতে আম প্রায় শেষ হয়ে আসল গাছে। তিনি ভাবছেন এ বছর কি পাপ তিনি করেছেন<br />
যে একটাও আম আর কপালে জুটল না। তবু তার আশা মরেনি গাছে আম যখন আছে সে একটা না একটা পাবেই। এইভাবে গাছের আম দিনের পর দিন<br />
শেষ হতে থাকে। দিনের বেলায় অন্ধ এর তার মুখে শুনতে পায় গাছে আর মাত্র দু'চারটে আম আছে। মনের আশায় অসহায় অন্ধ আগের মতন ঐ গাছের<br />
গােড়ায় এসে থাকতে শুরু করে। কিন্তু তার দুর্ভাগ্য যে শেষের আমগুলি এক একটা দিনের বেলাতেই পড়ে যেতে থাকে। যে পারে তাকে কুড়িয়ে নেয়। অন্ধ<br />
বলে আমায় একটা আম পেলে দিও এ বছর আমি একটাও আম খাইনি। অন্ধের কথা কে শােনে বা মানে। কারণ সবাই জানে যে বেটা যখন গাছের গােড়ায় বসে থাকে তখন ঐ সব থেকে বেশি আম খায়। কিন্তু আবার ভুলও তাে হতে পারে যে সে চোখে না দেখার জন্য একটি আমও কুড়িয়ে খেতে পারেনি। আমরা সব সময় নিজের পাওনাটাকে এবং বিশ্বাসকে বড় বলে মনে<br />
করি। নিজের প্রাপ্যের কোন কিছুতেই অন্যকে দিতে চাই না। এটাই আমাদের আসল ধর্ম, তবু অন্ধ দীর্ঘ নিঃশ্বাসে বলল হে ভগবান একটা আমও কপালে<br />
জোটালে না। এরপর চার-পাঁচদিন কেটে যায়, অন্ধও ভুলে গেছে আমের কথা, আর গাছও তার সম্মুখের সব আম ঝরিয়ে ফেলেছে। এক রাতে অন্ধ ঘােমাচ্ছে<br />
ঘুমে বেশ ভরপুর। হঠাৎ তার দুপায়ের ফাকে প্রকান্ড শব্দে যেন একটা পাথর খন্ড পড়ল। অন্ধের আচমকা ঘুম ভাঙল সে পায়ের ফাকে হাত দিয়ে দেখল<br />
একটি বড়সড় জিনিস মনে হচ্ছে। যখন তাকে তুলে নাকের কাছে আনল। তখন সে বুঝল খুব বড় পাকা আম পেয়েছে সে। যা এ গাছের চারটে আমের সমান।<br />
অন্ধ বলল হে ভগবান তােমার মহিমা অসীম, তুমি প্রত্যেকের ইচ্ছা শক্তির মধ্যে আছে এটা আমি মানি। আমটি আসলে স্বর্গ থেকে পড়েনি। দূর থেকে<br />
গাছে যতই দেখা যাক যে গাছে আম নেই কিন্তু গাছের কোথাও না কোথাও এক দুটি আম থেকেই যায়। কারাের না কারাের ভাগ্যের জন্য। ঈশ্বরের বিচার<br />
এমনই শ্রেষ্ঠ যে দশের একটি হলেও কারাের আশা অপূর্ণ থাকে না বরং পূর্ণ হয়। এবং তিনি একটি আশাকেই এমনভাবে পূর্ণ করেন। যা আশা করা মানুষের মন তাতেই ভরে যায়। আর তখনই নগণ্যের ঈশ্বর আত্মবিশ্বাসের কাছে শ্রেষ্ঠ হিসাবে গণ্য হয়ে যান।<br />
(৫) একটি বড় পুকুর, পুকুরের এক প্রান্তে আছে একটি রাস্তা। সকলেই ঐ রাস্তা দিয়ে যাতায়াত করে, একদিন বিকালবেলায় এক বয়স্ক ভদ্রলােক বাড়ি<br />
ফিরছিলেন। তাকে ঐ পুকুরের পাশ দিয়েই রােজ বাড়ি ফিরতে হয়। সেদিনও ফিরছিলেন পুকুর শুরুর কিছুটা আগে তার জুতােটি হঠাৎ ছিড়ে যায়। তিনি মান<br />
বাঁচাতে অন্য পায়ের জুতােটাও অন্য পায়ের জুতােটাও হাতে নিয়ে হাঁটতে থাকেন। পুকুরের মাঝ বরাবর আসার পর একটি ইটের টুকরাের উপর পা<br />
পড়ায় ভারসাম্য হারিয়ে কিছুটা সামনে ছিটকে গেলেন। তার মুখ থেকে কটুক্তিও বার হয়ে গেল। তিনি আবার পিছনে ফিরে এসে ইটের টুকরােটিকে তুলে তার<br />
সাধ্য অনুযায়ী পুকুরের দিকে ছুঁড়ে দিয়ে বললেন যা ডুবে মরগে। এই বলে তিনি আঘাতের প্রতিশোধের আনন্দে বাড়ির দিকে চলে গেলেন। জীবনইনি।<br />
ইটের টুকরােটি পুকুরের জলে পড়ার সঙ্গে সঙ্গেই ইটের সঙ্গে জলের স্পর্শের শব্দে একটি পানকৌড়ি জলে চুপটি মেরে বসেছিল মাছ খাওয়ার জন্য। সে<br />
সঙ্গে সঙ্গে উড়ে যাওয়ায় পুকুরের একটি মাছের জীবন বাঁচাল। যদিও পানকৌড়িটির খাওয়ার কোন প্রয়ােজন ছিল না। কারণ সে দুপুরবেলায় কোন জল শুকিয়ে<br />
আসা খাল থেকে পেট ভরে আনেক মাছই খেয়ে নিয়েছে। যা তার আর পরের দিন সকাল প্রচণ্ড না খেলে চলে যাবে। কিন্তু সে পুকুরের ভাসতে থাকা<br />
মাছগুলি দেখে লােভ সামলাতে পারেনি। তাই আশায় জলের মধ্যে চুপটি করে বসেছিল। যদি একটা দুটো পেয়ে যায় তাহলে তার ভরা পেটে জায়গা না<br />
থাকলেও আশার মনটা তাে ভরে যেত। বাস্তব জগতে শুধু পানকৌড়ি বা বলি কেন। আমরা তাে এসব লােভের ব্যাপারে কম নই। আমরা যতই ভরপেট<br />
খেয়ে ফেলি। ফলে লােভের ঠেলায় অম্বল বা হজম। এমনকি পেট খারাপও খেয়ে থাকি না কেন, নতুন কোন জিনিস ক্ষতিকারক হলেও আমরা তাকে<br />
হয়ে যেতে পারে। আমরা সেটা আগে থেকে ভেবে দেখি না এটাই আমাদের ভুল। প্ৰাপের জিনিসটাকে আমরা হিসাব-নিকাশের দ্বারা গ্রহণ করতে পারি না<br />
বলেই ক্ষতির শিকার হয়ে যাই। এবং ঐ ইটটি জলের মধ্যে পড়ায় ঢেউয়ের উৎপত্তি হল এবং সেই ঢেউ যখন কিনারার দিকে এগােতে থাকল। তাদেরই<br />
ধাক্কায় কয়েকটি কালাে পিপড়ে কিনারা ধরে বাঁচল। হয়তাে তারা আর কিছুক্ষণ জলের মধ্যে পড়ে থাকলে, তারা নিজের থেকেই মারা যেত না হলে কোন<br />
মাছেরা তাদের মেরে ফেলত। যদিও পিপড়েগুলাে আকাশ থেকে খসে পড়েনি। পড়েছিল ওপরের গাছ থেকে। যেমন মাছের জীবন ভগবান পানকৌড়ির হাত<br />
থেকে বাঁচালাে তেমনি পিঁপড়েগুলিও বাঁচলাে মানুষের মধ্যে উৎপত্তি হওয়া ইচ্ছাশক্তির ভগবানের দ্বারা। আবার ইটটি গিয়ে পুকুরের এমন একটি জায়গায়<br />
পড়ল যেখানে জলের নিচে মাটিতে একটি গর্ত ছিল। সেই গর্তটার আশেপাশে মাছেরা আসতে ভয় পেত। কিন্তু ঠিক একই ইচ্ছাশক্তি ভগবানের দ্বারা মাটির<br />
শূন্যতাও পুরণ হল এবং মাছগুলির মনের ভয়ও কাটল। একই সুত্রের হাত ধরে কত সমস্যার সমাধান করলেন ইচ্ছাশক্তির মধ্যে লুকিয়ে থাকা ভগবান। কারাের তেজ কারাের কাছে তীব্রতার ত্যাগ হলেও সেই ত্যাগ অন্যের কাছে সুন্দর এবং শান্তির আশ্বাস পান করে। আর এসবের মূল মহানই হলেন তিনি।<br />
(৬) আজও এই কালিমা মাখা কলিযুগে অধর্মের কলকাঠি ধর্মের তৃষ্ণায় নড়ে ওঠে। কাঠিটি আজও আমাদের মধ্যে বছরের এক মহা সন্ধিক্ষণে ধর্ম<br />
তৃষ্ণার আবির্ভূত হয়। তাইতাে প্রতি বছরে শরতে আমাদের মধ্যে সেই মহাশুভ সন্ধিক্ষণের ধর্ম কাঠির বাজানাের তৃষ্ণা বেড়ে ওঠায় দেবদেবীর আশিষ<br />
প্রাপ্যের প্রয়ােজনে সর্ব জাতির শ্রেষ্ঠ শারােৎসব ঢাক ঢোলের মধ্যে পড়া কাঠির শব্দে চারিদিকে আনন্দের ধারা বইয়ে দেয়। এবং আমাদেরই মধ্যে থাকা ধর্মের<br />
তৃষ্ণায় কাঠিটি যখন নড়ে ওঠে। তখন বিভিন্ন জাতি একই আনন্দ ধারায় মেতে ওঠে। বিশ্বাস, অবিশ্বাস, সুখ, দুঃখ, কষ্ট যন্ত্রণা সবই ঐ কাঠির শব্দে বিলীন হয়ে<br />
যায়। আর্থিক ক্ষুদ্রতা এবং বৃহত্তটাও সেদিন একই আনন্দ রেখায় বয়ে চলে। আর কল নড়ে ওঠার গল্পে বলি—এক জমিদারী বংশ ছিল আর সেই বংশের<br />
একমাত্র উত্তরাধিকারী ছিল দাশু। এই দাশু যখন আঠারাে বছর বয়সের তখন তার বাবা যিনি সমস্ত জমিদারীর ধর্তা কর্তা তিনি মারা যান, ফলে জমিদারীর<br />
সমস্ত হিসাব নিকাশের দায়ীত্ব পড়ে দাশুর উপর। দাশুর বয়স অল্প, সে এইসব ব্যাপারে আর কতটুকুই বা বােঝে। আর তার মা ছিলেন খুবই আস্তিক মানুষ।<br />
তাই আন্তিকতা নিয়েই সব সময় ব্যস্ত থাকতেন। জমিদারির ব্যাপারটা ছেলের কাছ থেকে টেনে আনার চেষ্টাও করলেন না। ছেলে যা পারে তাই করুক এই<br />
ভেবে তিনি দায়িত্বটাকে এড়িয়ে গেলেন। মা ধার্মিক থাকার ফলে ছেলেও ধার্মিকতার আবভাবটা অনেকটাই পেয়ে গেছে। কথায় আছে, যে বংশের যেমন<br />
ধারা ভবিষ্যৎও সেই বংশকে তেমনভাবে তাড়া করে। কিন্তু দাশুর বাবা খুবই শক্ত মনের মানুষ ছিলেন বলেই জমিদারীটাকে খুব সুন্দরভাবে ধরে রেখেছিলেন।<br />
অর্থ সম্পত্তি ধরে রাখা শক্তের পক্ষেই সম্ভব হয় এ যুগে নরমের পক্ষে তা ধরে রাখা এতটা সােজা নয়। তবুও দাশু বােঝা না বােঝার মধ্যে সে সবকে ধরে<br />
রাখতে চাইলেও তার আশপাশের গােপন শত্রুরা তাকে ভাঙার চেষ্টায় তৈরী হতে লাগল। ছেলের এইসব দানের দয়া প্রবণতায় জমির কিছু অংশ বিলি হয়ে<br />
গেল যাদের জমি তাদের কাছে। এইসব দেখে দাশুর মা ঠিক করলেন ভাল সৎ গুণী মেয়ে দেখে ছেলের বিয়ে দিয়ে দেবেন। এই ভাবনায় তাদের কর্মচারীর<br />
গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিদের ডেকে মেয়ে সন্ধানের প্রস্তাব দিলেন। কিন্তু তারা বদ মতলবের শত্রু ধরে এমন একটি মেয়ের সঙ্গে দাশুর বিয়ে দিলেন, যে বিয়েটার উদ্দেশ্য<br />
ছিল সমস্ত সম্পত্তি নিজেদের কবলে আনা। দাশুর বিয়েটা বেশ ধুমধাম করে হয়ে গেল। বিয়ের কিছুদিন পরে তার মাও মারা যান। মা মারা যাওয়ায় দাশুর<br />
আর বাঁদিক ডানদিকের কোন অস্ত্রই রইল না। যে রইল সে হল তার স্ত্রী এবং পশ্চাতের বিপদ। তার কর্মের সহচররা আত্ম মতলবের জন্য স্ত্রীর দ্বারা দাশুকে<br />
বিভিন্ন পাগলের ওষুধ খাইয়ে আস্তে আস্তে তার কাছ থেকে সমস্ত সম্পত্তি লিখিয়ে নিল নিজের নামে। দাশুর স্ত্রী সমস্ত সম্পত্তি দাশুর কাছ থেকে লিখিয়ে<br />
নিয়ে সে তার পুরানাে প্রেমিককে বিয়ে করে নিল। আর বেচারা দাশুর উপর খুব অত্যাচার করায়, সে অত্যাচার সহ্য করতে না পেরে ঘর ছেড়ে বেরিয়ে পড়ল রাস্তায়। দাশু ধার্মিক ঈশ্বর বিশ্বাসী। গ্রামের লোকেরা তাকে দেখতে পেলে কেউ কেউ খাবার দিত। কখনাে আবার কুকুর বিড়ালের প্রাপ্য খাবারও তাকে খেতে হত। সেইসব খাবারেই কাটত তার দিন। আর রাত কাটত কখনাে গাছের গােড়ায়। কখনাে কারাের গােয়াল ঘরে। বা কখনাে কারাের ঘরের দুয়ারে শুয়ে। তার আর এই গ্রামে থাকতে ভালােই লাগছিল না। বাড়িতে ফিরে<br />
যাওয়ার ইচ্ছাটাও আর তার মাথায় খেলছিল না। যদিও বা খেলত 'তাহলে ঘরে গিয়ে মারধর খেয়ে ফিরে আসতে হত তাকে। তাই হয়তাে সেই খেলা ভগবান<br />
তার মাথায় খেলননি সব কিছু ভাবনা চিন্তা করে। তার সেই পাগলামি মাথায়। শুধু একটাই খেলা খেলেছে যে সে কোন শহরের দিকে চলে যাবে। আগে সে<br />
পুরানাে স্মৃতি মনে করে সে শহরের দিকে এগােতে পারবে। কিন্তু রেল বাসের শহরে প্রায়ই যেত তাই শহরে যাওয়ার রাস্তাটা আবছা আবছা মনে আছে।<br />
ভাড়ার পয়সা তার কাছে নেই। এসব কিছুই হিসাব তার মস্তিষ্কের কোন অংশেই আচড় কাটে না। হাঁটাটাকে এগিয়ে যাওয়া মনে করে। শুরু করল শহরের দিকে<br />
মুছতে সে হেঁটেই চলেছে শহরের দিকে। এইভাবে হাঁটতে হাঁটতে সে গ্রামের চলা। গরমের সময় দারুণ সূর্যের প্রখরতা, সেই তপ্ততার মধ্যে ঘাম মুছতে পথকে পেছনে রেখে শহরের পথে পা রাখে। আর একটা দিন হেঁটে পার করতে পারলেই সে পৌঁছে যাবে শহরে। তখন দুপুরবেলা দাশু ক্লান্তি মাখানাে দেহ নিয়েই হাঁটছে, পথে। আর মাত্র মাইল পাঁচেক পথ হাঁটলেই দাশু পৌঁছে<br />
যাবে শহরে। কিন্তু এই পথটা পুরােপুরি উন্মুক্ত প্রান্তরের ন্যায়। ঘরবাড়ি দোকানপাটের কোন বালাই নেই দাশু হাঁটছে। ক্লান্তির অবসন্নতা তাকে পেছন থেকে টেনে<br />
রাখলেও সে তাকে প্রতিহত করে এগিয়েই চলেছে।<br />
জল পিপাসাও তার পেয়েছে। পথের এদিক ওদিক তাকালেও সে কোন পুকুর নালা দেখতেও পেল না। এদিকে অত্যধিক ঘামের জন্য শরীরের ভেতর<br />
থেকে জল শূন্যতাও বেড়ে চলেছে। আর সেই শূন্যতার জন্য বাইরের থেকে পিপাসার টানটাও খুব বেড়ে চলেছে। তাই দাশুর আর পা চলে না তার পা<br />
দুটিকে সে যতটুকুই এগােতে চায় তার অর্ধেকটা এগােয়। এইভাবে চলতে থাকলে তার শহরে পৌছানােটাই দুস্কর হয়ে উঠবে। সে শহরে পৌছাতে পারব বা না পারুক কিন্তু তার পিপাসার জন্য একটু জলের খুবই প্রয়ােজন। অনেকটা দূরে সে দেখতে পেল একটি কলের আকার আকৃতি। কিন্তু সেখানে তার<br />
পোঁছানােটা খুবই কঠিন ব্যাপার। পিপাসায় তার গলা একেবারে শুকিয়ে এসেছে চোখেও সে যেন ঝাপসা দেখছে। ভগবানকে স্মরণ করে বলছে, হে ভগবান এ<br />
কলটার কাছে আমাকে পৌঁছে দাও ঠাকুর। আসলে সে জানে না ঐ কলটা থেকে জল পড়ে কিনা। তখন তার একটাই বিশ্বাস যে ওখানে গেলে একটু না। একটু জল নিশ্চই পাবে এই আশায় সে বহু কষ্টে ঐ এটার কাছে পৌঁছালাে। এবং মন ভরা পিপাশা মেটানাে বিশ্বাসে কলটির হাতল ধরে নাড়ানাের সাথে সাথেই কলটি মাটিতে পড়ে গেল। এবং তার মুখ থেকে কিছু লাল রংয়ের জল বেরিয়ে যেতে লাগল। লাল, কি কালাে, সাদা কি বেগুনী এসব দাশুর কাছে বিচার করার সময় ছিল না। সে এইটুকুই বুঝল যে জল বেরােচ্ছে, সে দু’হাতে। ঐ লাল গন্ধযুক্ত জলটাকে পান করে কঠিন পিপাসা মেটালাে, তারপর দীর্ঘনিঃশ্বাস।<br />
ফেলে সে বলল হে ভগবান আমায় বাঁচালে নইলে মরেই যেতাম। তার জলের তৃষ্ণা মেটার সঙ্গে সঙ্গে মিটল তার অধ-বিকৃত মস্তিস্কের পাগলামােটাও। সে<br />
সমস্ত শরীরে যেন কেমন একটা শান্তির আভাস খুজে পেল। কলটা আসলে বহুদিনের পুরানাে, হয়তাে আগে সেখানে কোন দোকানপাট ছিল। দোকান উঠে<br />
যাওয়ায় কলটা আর ওঠেনি ওখানেই থেকে যায়। কলটির নিচের পাইপ মরচে পড়ে পুরোপুরি অক্ষয় হয়ে গেছিল তবুও সে কোন আঘাত পায়নি বলেই<br />
২৫<br />
ওখানে দাঁড়িয়ে ছিল। দাশুর পিপাশার আঘাতেই কলটির অঙ্গভঙ্গ হল এবং দাশুও তার জীবন শেষের অংশটাকে ফিরে পেল। কলের জ্বলটা আসলে পাতাল<br />
থেকে উঠে আসেনি। বৃষ্টির জলটাই ওপরের ছিদ্র দিয়ে ভেতরে প্রবেশ করে জমে ছিল। হয়তাে দাশুর পিপাসা মেটানাের জন্য, কিংবা সে যে ধার্মিক ছিল<br />
অনেক অন্যায় অত্যাচারে শূন্য হস্তে সে নিজেকে হারানাের পথে ঠেলে দিয়েছিল। তাই ঈশ্বর তার ধার্মিকতার মর্যাদা দানের জন্য একই পিপাসায় দুটি সমস্যার সমাধান করলেন আর এটাই হল অধর্মের কল ধর্মের তৃষ্ণায় নড়ে ওঠা। দাশুর পাগলামাে ভালাে হয়ে গেলেও সে সেদিন শহরেই পৌঁছেছিল। এবং আস্তে<br />
আস্তে করে সে নিজেকে শহরেই সাজিয়ে গুছিয়ে নিল।<br />
(৭) একটি ছেলে সে অফিসে চাকরী করে। সে ঐশরীক ধর্মীয় শক্তিকে<br />
বিশ্বাস করে না, কর্মকেই বিশ্বাস করে। কর্ম জীবনে বড় সত্য এটা ঠিক কিন্তু সব কর্মের পিছনে ধর্মের সূচনাটাও জড়িয়ে থাকে। এটা সে মানার প্রয়ােজন<br />
বােধ না করেই চলতে থাকে, কাজের মাধ্যমে কখনাে তার ছােটখাটো বিপদ আসে তবু সে অর্থের দ্বারা সেগুলিকে সরিয়ে দেয়। রােজই সে সারাদিনে দশ<br />
বিশ টাকার ধুয়াে ফেঁাকে। অফিস ছুটি হবার পর রােজই সে সিগারেট ধরিয়ে হাঁটতে থাকে ট্রেন ধরার জন্য। পথে অনেক ভিখারীরা তার কাছে হাত পাতলেও<br />
সে সেই পাতা হাতটা না দেখার ভান করে চলতে থাকে। কখনাে কখনাে খুচরাে পয়সায় পকেটটা যদি ভারী থাকে তাহলে পঞ্চাশ পয়সা না হলে এক<br />
টাকা অবরে সরে দান করে। একদিন সে অফিস ছুটি হবার পর স্টেশনে যাচ্ছে। পকেটে মাত্র দুটি টাকা আছে। এটা দিয়ে সে একটি সিগারেট কিনে<br />
টানতে টানতে যাবে। এ দুটি টাকা তার মনের গভীরে বড়ই মূল্যবানের সম্পদ। সে দুটি টাকা হাতে নিয়ে সামনের দোকান থেকে সিগারেট কিনবে ওরই মধ্যে<br />
এক ভিক্ষুক হাত বাড়িয়ে বলে কিছু দয়া করুন বাবু। ছেলেটির নেশার পরিপূর্ণ আশা কোথায় যেন বিলীন হয়ে তার হাতে থাকা দুটি টাকা সে সামনের পাতা<br />
হাতটাতে দান করে দিল। দেবার পর সে তার নেশার জন্য একটু অসন্তুষ্ট হল চলল অন্য দিকে। ইচ্ছাশক্তির ভগবান ভিক্ষুকের প্রতিই ছিল বেশি দয়াশীল<br />
ঠিকই। কিন্তু বিনা ধোয়ার টানেই সে বাড়ি ফিরল ভিক্ষুকটিও বেশ প্রসন্ন হয়ে তাই দাতার তীব্র ইচ্ছাটাকে ব্যাহত করে ভগবান নিজ শক্তির দ্বারা ভিক্ষুকের<br />
প্রাপ্যটাকে জয়ী করালেন।<br />
(৮) শহরের আর সব বাড়ির মতন এক গৃহস্থের বাড়িও রাস্তার ধারেই। এই বাড়ির কর্তা মনের দিক দিয়ে বেশ ট্যারা বাকা। কিন্তু গিন্নি বেশ ধার্মিক।<br />
রাস্তার ধারে বাড়ি তার ফলে গাড়ি চলার জন্য পথের বহু ধূলা-বালি ঘরের মধ্যে প্রবেশ করে। গিন্নি তাকে সময় মতাে রােজই পরিষ্কার করেন। এই ধুলাের<br />
জন্য কর্তার কাছে অনেক বকুনিও শুনতে হয় গিন্নিকে। এইভাবে কর্তা গিন্নি ছেলেমেয়েদের সঙ্গে নিয়ে দিন কাটান। এক ছুটির দিন তাদের ঘরে দুজন<br />
আঞ্জীয় এসে হাজির হন। দুপুরের খাবারের জব্বর বন্দোবস্ত, রাস্তার দিকেই রান্নাশালটা। গিন্নি ভাতের হাঁড়ি বসিয়ে চাল দিয়ে ঢাকনা না লাগিয়ে অন্য<br />
কাজে ব্যস্ত হয়ে গেছেন। গাড়ির হাওয়ায় রাস্তায় ধুলাে বালির সঙ্গে চুল উড়ে এসে ভাতের হাঁড়ির মধ্যে পড়ে দিব্যি 'ভাতের সঙ্গে পাকাচ্ছে। কিছুক্ষণের পর<br />
ভাত হয়ে যাওয়ায় ফেন ঝড়িয়ে তাকে খাবারের স্থানে এনে রাখলেন। তারপর মধ্যাহ্ন ভােজনে সকলকে ভাত বেড়ে দিলেন। কিন্তু কর্তার ভাতের থালার মধ্যে<br />
চুল বেরিয়ে পড়ায় কর্তা সঙ্গে সঙ্গে ভাতের থালাটা সরিয়ে দিলেন। লােকেরবসামনে বলে গিন্নিকে বেশি কিছু বললেন না। গিন্নি পুণরায় ঐ একই হাঁড়ি<br />
থেকে ভাত বেড়ে দেওয়ায় তিনি শান্তি করে খেয়ে নিলেন। গিন্নি ঐ চুলটাকে ফেলে ভাতটা খেলেন। আমরা সকলে শিক্ষিত, সব জানি বুঝি তবু আমরা<br />
আসল সত্যকে আসল বলে মানি না। তাই তাে নিজের প্রাপ্যের জিনিসকে ছুঁড়ে ফেলে দিয়ে। আবার তাকে একটি করে কুড়িয়ে এনে নিজেদের মান মর্যাদা<br />
বাঁচাতে চাই।<br />
<b>(৯) ধর্ম সত্য না কর্ম সত্য?</b><br />
তার আসলত্যটা কারাের মধ্যেই স্থান পায় না। আমরা কতক ভাবি <b>ধর্ম সত্য</b>। আবার কতক ভাবি<b> কর্ম সত্য</b>। বিশ্বাসে <b>ধর্ম সত্য</b><br />
হলেও আসলে <b>কর্মই</b> হল আসল সত্য। <b>কর্মের</b> হাত ধরে আপন মানবিকতার দ্বারাই <b>ধর্মের</b> সততা লাভ করা যায়। কিন্তু <b>ধর্মকে</b> ভালােবেসে নিজের আন্তরিকতাকে<br />
শান্তি দান করলেও, বাস্তব জগতে উন্নতির পরিকাঠামােকে গড়ে তােলা যায়না, তারই এক দৃষ্টান্তে বলি। এক ভদ্রলােক বাড়ি তার আসানশােলের ঐ দিকে। লােকটি আমার মনিবের কাছে বছরে বেশ কয়েকবারই আসেন গুরুদেব হিসাবে।<br />
এবং মনিবের কাছ থেকে মন ভরা অর্থ সাহায্য নিয়ে চলে যান। এই আসা , যাওয়া এবং টাকাপয়সার ব্যাপারটা আমার মধ্যে একটা প্রশ্নের ভাবনা জাগিয়ে<br />
ছিল। সেই প্রশ্নের উত্তর মনিবের কাছে জানতে চাওয়ায় তিনি বললেন লােকটির একসময় অনেক সম্পত্তি ও জায়গা জমি ছিল। কিন্তু লােকটি স্বভাবে নির্মা<br />
তাই নিজেকে বাঁচিয়ে রাখতে আস্তে আস্তে সমস্ত জমি জায়গা বিক্রি করতে ভরান। থাকেন কিন্তু ধর্ম কি আর পারে <b>কর্মের</b> সিংহাসনে বসতে। বরং <b>কর্মের</b> সিংহাসনে<br />
বসে ধর্মের সিংহাসন গড়ে তােলা যায়, তাই সে পারেনি নিজেকে গড়ে তুলতে। বরং নিজের ভবিষ্যতকে আস্তে আস্তে ভেঙে নিজেকেই সে নিঃস্ব করে তুলছে।<br />
বর্তমান তিনি ধর্মাশ্রমের নামে সাহায্য প্রার্থনা করে নিজের শূন্য উদরাশ্রমটাকেই<br />
আমরা সকলে সকাল থেকে সন্ধ্যে দেবদেবীর মন্দিরে দুটাকা, পাঁচ টাকা দশ টাকা দান করে। আপন আপন বিপদ আপদ সুখ শান্তির কত কাকুতি মিনতি করে প্রার্থনা করি। আর বলি আমাকে ভালো রাখো। আমার সন্তানকে পরিবারকে ভালাে রাখ। আমাকে উন্নতির পথ দেখাও। সে পথ সত্যের হােক বা মিথ্যের তাতে কোন কিছু যায় আসে না। আমার উন্নতি হলে,<br />
আমি তােমাকে আরাে বেশি অর্থের ভােগ চড়াবাে। আর যদি অবনতি হয় তাহলে এক টাকারও বাতাসা দেব না। এ যুগে আমরা এমনই এক স্বার্থ লােভী আত্মবিশ্বাসী মানুষ যে নিজের দিকটাই সব সময় দেখে চলি। কোনদিন কেউ দেবদেবীর সামনে দাঁড়িয়ে বলি না হে ঠাকুর তােমরা ভালাে থেকো। একবারও বলি না এই দান শুধু তােমাদের জন্য এর বিনিময়ে আমাদের কিছু চাই না। তবুও তাঁরা নির্বাক মূর্তি হলেও আমাদের চাওয়ার কোন না কোন দিন অবশ্যই পুরণ করেন। কিন্তু আমরা বর্তমান আত্ম সত্যকে এতই ভালােবেসে ফেলেছি। যে নিজের মা বাবাকে জিজ্ঞাসা করতে ভুলে যাই যে কেমন আছাে কি খেয়েছে। দেব মূর্তি তাে শুধু আরাধনার। বিশ্বাসের এবং আত্ম গঠনের। আর<br />
নিজেদের মা বাবা তাে নিজেদেরকে গড়ে তােলার আসল পরিকাঠামাে। আর এই পরিকাঠামােকেই যদি অবজ্ঞা করি তাহলে কেমন করে আমরা দেবদেবীর<br />
কাছে মঙ্গল প্রার্থনা পাব। প্রত্যেকের আরাধনার ঈশ্বর প্রত্যেকের অন্তরেই বসবাস করেন। শত <b>কর্ম</b> এবং ভালােবাসার দ্বারা <b>ঈশ্বরকে</b> জাগাও সেই জাগরণের<br />
উক্তিই তােমাদের মঙ্গল কাম্য একদিকে যেমন শিশুদের মধ্যে লুকিয়ে থাকেন আরাধনার <b>ঈশ্বর</b> অন্যদিকে তেমনি বৃদ্ধ বৃদ্ধাদের মধ্যেও লুকিয়ে থাকেন সত্যের<br />
ঈশ্বর। তাই কোন সাময়িক সমস্যার সম্মুখীন হলে যে যার আরাধনার <b>ঈশ্বরকে</b> স্মরণ করে। কথা বলতে পারা শিশুকে বা অতি বৃদ্ধ মা বাবাকে জিজ্ঞাসা করলে<br />
সেই সমস্যার সমাধানের পথ খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়।<br />
(১১) আমরা মানব এটা সত্য। একশত বছরের যাত্রী এই প্রকৃতির বুকে এটাও সত্য। তবু নিজের দিকটা আমার গােপনভাবে ভাবি বলেই একই প্রকৃতির<br />
মধ্যে থাকা বৃক্ষের মত কেউ দীর্ঘায়ুর অধিকারী হতে পারি না। কারণ বৃক্ষ সত্য , জ্ঞানী, বিশ্বাসী, <b>আত্মত্যাগী</b> প্রয়াস ধর্মী। আর আমরা বৃক্ষের গুণের একটিকেও<br />
পালন করতে পারি না। তাইতাে জীবন কালের শতেকের হাতও আমাদের ধরা যায় না। শুধু আমরাই পরিস্থিতির সঙ্গে লড়াই করে বেঁচে থাকি না। বৃক্ষেরাও<br />
বহু পরিস্থিতির সঙ্গে লড়াই করে বেঁচে থাকে। যেমন শিকড় মাটির সঙ্গে লড়াই করে জল শােষন করে উর্দ্বাংশের শরীরে সরবরাহ করে। পাতা-<b>সূর্যরশ্মিকে</b><br />
ধারণ করে খাদ্য প্রক্রিয়া করণ করে সমস্ত শাখাপ্রশাখাগুলি ঝড়ের সঙ্গে হাত মিলিয়ে নিজের অস্তিত্বকে বজায় রাখে। এত লড়াইয়ের পরও তারা হার মানে না। নিজেদেরকে প্রকৃতির বুকে ধরে রেখে ছায়া দান করে। দান করে ফুল ফল শাখা প্রশাখা এমনকি সমস্ত দেহ। এত কিছু পাওয়ার পরও আমরা তাদেরকে কত ভাবেই আঘাত করি। তার শরীরে ছেদন করে রক্ত ঝরাই। কেউই বুঝি না তার ব্যথা বেদনার কষ্টটাকে। কিন্তু আমাদের শরীর থেকে একফোটা রক্ত<br />
করলেই চারিদিকে হৈ চৈ ও ছােটাছুটি পরে যায়। আমাদের মতন তাদেরও কষ্ট হয় এবং ব্যথাও পায়। শুধু তারা নির্বাক বলে আমাদের অত্যাচারের কোন<br />
প্রতিবাদ করতে পারে না। আমরা প্রত্যেকে চেষ্টা করলে তাদের আদর্শ ও গুণাবলিকে শ্রাদ্ধ্যমত নিজেদের মনের মধ্যে জাগিয়ে তুলতে পারি গড়ে তুলতে পারি বৃক্ষের ন্যায় অনেকটাই সমতুল্য।<br />
(১২) <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/swami-vivekananda-life-history11.html" target="_blank">বিবেকানন্দকে</a></b> অনুসরণ করে আমিও বলি তােমরা জাগাে জাগার মতাে জাগাে, জাগার মধ্যেই জীবনের লক্ষ্যে পৌঁছানাের আসলতা লুকিয়ে থাকে।<br />
শুধু বিছানায় শুয়ে চোখ খােলা রেখে গড়াগড়ি খেতে খেতে সামনের পড়ে থাকা দিনগুলাের স্বপ্ন দেখাকেই জেগে থাকা বলে না। মনের জোরে শয্যা ত্যাগ।<br />
করে বাইরে বেরিয়ে সময়ের সঙ্গে নিজেকে ছুটিয়ে আসল সত্ত্বার হাত ধরাটাকেই বলে জেগে থাকা বা জেগে ওঠা। আমার সকলেই আমাদের আশ-পাশ, সামনে, পিছনে ঘরে বাইরে এমনকি শরীরের মধ্যে জড়িয়ে রাখা সব কিছুকেই খুব কাছের এবং নিজের বলে মনে করি। নিজের ইচ্ছাপূরণের জন্য যখন যেটাকে কাছে না পাই তখন সেটার উপর বা সেইটাকে ধরে রাখা কারাের উপর একটা বিতৃষ্ণার সৃষ্টি হয় আর সেই বিতৃষ্ণার দ্বারাই শুরু হয় ঝগড়া বিবাদের।<br />
ঝগড়া থেকেই শুরু হয় মারামারি, কাটাকাটি, খুনােখুনি এবং এইভাবেই ভালােবাসার মৃত্যু হয়। শুরু হয় অশান্তি। সৌন্দর্য্যের মধ্যে নেমে আসে একটি কালাে ছায়া । আর সেই ছায়ার সঙ্গে <b>হিংসা</b> অহঙ্কার মিশে বেড়ে যায় অন্ধকারের গাড়িটা । কিন্তু বাস্তব জগতে যেমন বিজ্ঞান আছে তেমনই আছে জন্ম মৃত্যু। এবং <b>ধর্মের</b> যে যার আরাধনার <b>ঈশ্বর</b> এবং <b>কর্মের সৎ চেষ্টা</b>। আসলে এই প্রকৃতির কাছে আমাদের বলে কিছুই নেই। সবই নিয়ম আর সময়ের দ্বারা পালিত। জন্মে যা<br />
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কিছু আমরা এই প্রকৃতি থেকে গ্রহণ করি মৃত্যুর দিনে সব কিছুকেই রেখে থাকে না। সেও একদিন অন্যের কাছে হস্তান্তর হয়ে যায়। আর গােপনে জমিয়ে</div>
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যেতে হয় এই প্রকৃতির বুকে। এমন কি নিজের উপার্জিত অর্থ নিজের পকেটে রাখলে তার আসলত্যটা নষ্ট হয়ে ব্যবহারের অযােগ্য হয়ে যায়। তাই কোন</div>
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কিছুকেই অতিরিক্ত নিজের মনে না করে এগিয়ে যাওয়াকেই বলে সৎ সন্ধানী গড়ে নেয় এবং নিজের অতিরিক্ত প্রচেষ্টার মাধ্যমেই ঊর্ধ্বগামী হওয়ার সাথে</div>
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মানুষের পরিচয়। বৃক্ষ তখনই তার ডালপালা প্রসারিত করে যখন সে নিজেকে। সাথে প্রসারিত করে ডালপালা বা শাখাপ্রশাখা ঠিক মানুষও তার প্রতিকৃতি গড়ে</div>
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তােলার জন্য লড়াইয়ের পর লড়াই করে আগে নিজেকে গড়ে তােলে। তারপর অন্যকে গড়ে তােলার চেষ্টা করে। জীবনের কোন অংশই নিজেকে না গড়ে</div>
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অন্যকে গড়ে তুলতে পারে না। চেষ্টার দ্বারাই <b>কর্মের</b> হাত ধরা এবং <b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/Swami-Vivekananda.html" target="_blank">কর্মের</a></b> হাত ধরেই জীবনে এগিয়ে যাওয়া তাই এক কথায় বলি <b>কর্মের</b> হাত ধরেই <b>ধর্মের শীর্ষস্থানে </b>পৌঁছানাে যায়, কিন্তু <b>ধর্মের</b> হাত ধরে কখনই <b>কর্মের শীর্ষস্থানে</b> পৌঁছানাে যায় না। বিশ্বাস, ভালােবাসা, সততা, এসবের মধ্যেই পাওয়া যায় <b>কর্ম</b> এবং</div>
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<b>ধর্মের</b> আসল আদর্শগুলি, মানবিকতার বিচারেই গড়ে ওঠে মানবিতা বােধ। তাই আপন আপন বােধশক্তি দ্বারাই নিজের সমস্ত ক্রিয়াকলাপকে উচ্চস্থানে আসীন</div>
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করা। সমস্ত জীবনের মধ্যেই খেলা করে অর্থ, সম্পদ, প্রাচুর্য্যতা। আর এসব যুগের হাত ধরেই থেকে যায় একের পর এক আগত জীবনের জন্য এবং</div>
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প্রকৃতির বুকে ফুটে ওঠা জীবন কুসুমটি কুড়ি থেকে ফুল হয়ে বর্ণ আকৃতি ধারণ করে সময়ের সাথে নিজের অস্তিত্ব বজায় রেখে আস্তে আস্তে ঝরে পড়ে মৃত্যুর</div>
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মুখে। এক জীবনের মধ্যে অনেক মতের আবির্ভাব হয়। এবং সেই ভিন্নমতের সঙ্গে সঙ্গে জড়িয়ে থাকে ভিন্ন পথও। আর সেই পথের কিছু পথকে দেখে</div>
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আমরা পা বাড়িয়ে এগিয়ে যেতে পারি অনেক অনেক সুন্দর সুযােগ সুবিধার দিকে। আবার অনেক পথকে আমরা ঠিকঠাকভাবে বুঝতে না পেরে এগিয়ে</div>
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যাওয়ার শুরুতেই শেষ পথকে হেয় করে নিজের আগামীর গতিপথকে থামিয়ে রাখি। আমাদের মধ্যে উথিত বিশ্বাস কখন আমাদেরকেই এগিয়ে নিয়ে যায়</div>
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ভালাের লক্ষ্যে, আবার কখন পিছিয়ে দিয়ে ফেলে রাখে আপন আপন আঁধার কক্ষে। তাই আগে নিজেকে বন্ধুর মত গড়ে তােল তারপর সামনে পিছনের সমস্ত কিছুকে বন্ধুর মর্যাদা দান কর। তােমার দানের শুরুর হাত ধরেই বিস্তার হয় বন্ধুত্বের বিজয় তােরণ যা সময় অনুসারে সকলকে এগিয়ে নিয়ে যাওয়ার আস্থা যােগায়।।<br />
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..........................<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></span></b>........................ </div>
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Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-41255191179896343102020-07-23T06:21:00.005-07:002020-08-10T05:12:35.085-07:00Japanese Invasions of Korean :Imjin War :Rise of admiral Yi Sun-sin :1592 War :Life History <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2><b>Japanese Invasions of Korean :Imjin War :Rise of admiral Yi Sun-sin :1592 War :<a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></b></h2>
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In the previous article in our series coveringthe medi Japanese Invasions of Korea<b style="text-decoration-line: underline;">,</b> After performing this river crossing withconsiderable ingenuity, Kato was shocked upon seeing the banners of his rival flying overthe city’s battlements. He had been beaten again by mere hours, withboth arriving on June 12th. Kuroda Nagamasa and his third contingent,as well as Ukita Hideie’s 10,000 arrived on June 16th, 1592. The Korean capital itself was occupied withlittle bloodshed. The Korean court evacuated to Pyongyang, and according to some sources, angered by their king’s abandonment of them, the angry citizensburned many of the royal residences. Now that the capital had been taken, the Japanese armies set out to consolidate their gains. The countryside was pillaged largely withoutresistance. However, some Korean forces were still inthe field. When the Japanese started raiding the areacalled Yangju directly to the north of Seoul, commander of the minor Korean unit decidedto use their complacency against them. The Japanese started pillaging Yangju, andat that point, the Koreans appeared near the village. This drew the attention of the invaders, anda group of them moved against the Koreans, who upon contact dropped their weapons andstarted running towards the nearby mountains. They were chased by the Japanese, but it wasa trap – as soon as the enemy entered the mountain pass, the Koreans hiding here surroundedand destroyed this unit. Although the invaders lost only around 100troops in this minor battle, it improved the morale of the Korean armies, and forced thedaimyos to be more careful in their raiding. Konishi and Kato - bitter rivals to the end- were split up again, their contingents marching to quell the northwestern Pyongan province,and the far northeastern province of Hamgyong respectively. Both were expected to reach the Chinese frontierat the Yalu and Tumen rivers during their expeditions. Further more, an 11,000 strong third contingen twould seize Hwanghae province, stopping short of Konishi’s far-flung venture. 14,000 men of the fourth contingent would march east to quell the eastern coastal lands of Gangwon while 25,100 troops of the fifth would subdue the west coast province of Chungcheong. 15,700 soldiers of the sixth division setout for the bypassed Cholla province, while 30,000 men of the seventh would hold the crucialbeachhead province of Kyongsang. Finally, Ukita Hideie’s 10,000 would hold Seoul itself and the neighboring Kyonggi province. Hideie himself was appointed by Hideyoshias an interim supreme commander. Japanese consideration now turned to logisticsand supply. However, when Kato moved his troops to thenorth, he found that the Koreans under Gim Myeongwon had forced-marched their army toblock the Japanese on the opposite side of the Imjin river. Although the Japanese had 20 thousand troopsand outnumbered the Koreans almost 2:1, the latter were in a great position to defend. The rains had flooded the river, making thecrossing even more difficult for Kato. Before the Japanese approached the area, Gimhad already burned the nearby forests and moved all of the boats in the area to thenorth coast. He knew that reinforce ments were on the way,and was planning on waiting in his excellent defensive stance. Unfortunately for him, he didn’t have fullcontrol, and half of the army was commanded by the courtier Han Ung-in. The battle of the Imjin<b style="text-decoration-line: underline;"> </b>river started on July6th, 1592. On the first day, the armies exchanged arrowand cannon volleys, but as the distance between two was significant, neither side sufferedmuch. On the second day, the Koreans received 3000cavalry reinforcements. For Kato, it was clear that he had to do somethingto make the enemy move, or otherwise his situation would become untenable, so he ordered 3/4of his army to retreat. The experienced Gim has already seen thistactic fighting the Jurchen in the north, but inexperienced general Sin Hal was surethat he was about to score a glorious victory, and decided to attack. Han Ung-in supported him, and even orderedthe execution of one of the generals who opposed the attack. Gim couldn’t let the army advance without him, so had no choice but to join Sin Hal when the latter started crossing the river. Soon the entire Korean army was on the southside of the Imjin river. Showing no signs of resistance, the 5000 Japanese started fleeing, which only encouraged Sin Hal. Both armies entered a mountainous area tothe south, and immediately after the Koreans were deep enough, Kato gave the order: musketssent volley after volley into the pursuers. The battle was over in a matter of minutes. The Japanese lost almost no troops, whilemore than 10 thousand Koreans were dead, with only a portion of the cavalry managing toflee back across the river. Kato was now free to move north, but logisticswas still a huge problem for the invading army. With its task of ferrying eight armies nowcomplete, the 700-ship strong Japanese fleet began probing west from Busan, along the treacherousKorean south coast. They were moving directly towards Cholla,where the Yi Sun-shin held command. The Korean navy as a whole was in a dire state,as most of the vessels of Gyeongsang were burned or scuttled. The commander of the remaining ships, Won Gyun went into hiding among the many coves and inlets along Korea’s southern coast,and sent a letter to Admiral Yi asking for help. But before he acted, Yi started gathering intelligence on Japanese naval movements. Moreover, he hoped to organise a united fleetof 90 ships with other admirals in the area. Some of Yi’s men were executed and their heads were displayed to the others in order to improve defeatist moods. However on June 12th - the day Seoul fellto Japanese ground forces - Yi was forced to sail. King Seonjo’s court issued orders for himto unite his vessels with those of Won Gyun. On June 13th, Yi Sun-shin led his fleet outof Yeosu harbour. It was made up of 39 fighting vessels - 24large panoksons, 15 smaller decked hyeupson fighting ships, and 46 lighter scout ships known as ‘sea ears’. After rendezvousing with Won at Dang’po,Yi slowly sailed to the east. As his makeshift navy rounded the edge ofKoje Island and began working its way north, a scout ship approached them with a messagethat a fleet of Japanese ships was at anchor in Ok-po port. This village was situated inside a large baynot too far up the coast of Koje island, so it was there that the first naval battle ofthe war would be fought. As Korean naval forces entered the bay, Yiordered his smaller ships to the flanks while the heavier warships, including Yi’s flagship,formed a line in the centre. He sent a message to each of his captains,warning them not to give way, but to ‘stand like mountain castles’. Then, he ordered an advance. More than 50 enemy transports were at anchorin front of Ok-po village. Most were unmanned, ransacking the villagein search of loot and setting fire to houses. Only when Korean ships neared them were theyseen by the Japanese, due to the fact that smoke from the burning village obscured theirvision. The Japanese hastily rushed back to theirships, attempting to lift anchor and then hugging the coast rather than heading forthe open sea. Yi’s fleet attacked, engaging the Japaneseat a distance and encircling them before opening fire with cannons and fire arrows to the beatof their admiral’s war drum. Though Japanese arquebusiers attempted tofire back, the distance meant that Yi’s enemies could not attempt boarding actions,and they were gradually destroyed one ship at a time. When this fleet had broken, its crewmen deador fleeing back to shore , five more ships were spotted in the evening near Happo, fourof which were also destroyed by Yi. 26 ships of the Japanese navy were destroyed on thefirst day, without a single loss for Yi Sun-shin’s armada. The next morning, 13 additional Japanese shipswere spotted near Jinhae. Yi once again destroyed 11 out of that numberwithout suffering any losses. During these victories, Admiral Yi was oftenamused by the exotic trophies taken from enemy ships, particularly their elaborately ornatehelmets, which were sent to the king Seonjo alongside the news of the victory. The harrowing experience of civilians Yi encounteredafter Ok’po further enraged him, providing proof to him of Japan’s savagery. The admiral then retreated back to Yeosu inorder to reorganise his forces. These naval defeats made the Japanese realisethat the Korean navy was not yet defeated, and they sent a force of ships to deal withYi in early July. Being notified of this expedition to destroyhim, the admiral sailed east on July 8th with only 23 warships. He had discarded the smaller ‘sea ear’scout ships and replaced them with something altogether more formidable and far more famous- the kobukson, otherwise known as the turtle ship. The turtle ship was twenty-eight metres long,nine metres wide, and six metres high, making it a fairly large ship for the time. It sat low in the water, which allowed itto come in under the massive Japanese castle ships and blast their hulls with cannon fireand archery. A sloping roof of planks bristling with ironspikes was also laid on top of the hull, encasing the vessel like the shell of a turtle, hencethe name. Around 15 of the advanced Korean cannons weremounted on each of these ships, along with a platform of archers. With his ships ready for battle, Admiral Yisailed for Sacheon, where around 50 Japanese ships were anchored, including 12 warships. The Japanese troops were fortified on thecliffs above the bay, where the Japanese commander - Wakizaka Yasuharu - made his command post. Though Yi realised that he could not risk closing with an enemy which possessed suchfire support from the land, he also knew the Japanese capacity for arrogance. So, he sent a small force into the bay asbait and then had it turn and retreat, as though fleeing in terror. Seeing this apparent display of weakness,Yasuharu’s men ran down from the heights and embarked on their ships, pursuing Yi’snavy into the middle of the bay. Witnessing the success of his lure, the Korean admiral ordered an assault, with the invincible turtle ships leading the advance. They crashed into the middle of the enemyformation and unleashed a storm of cannon fire and arrows in all directions, causingmassive losses among the Japanese vessels. The nimbler Korean vessels were also againable to avoid Japanese boarding actions. As his forces neared victory and the enemyships sank one at a time, Yi was hit by a stray arquebus bullet in the shoulder, butremained stoic. After the enemy fleet had been destroyed,Yi supposedly withdrew a knife and dug the bullet out with it. When the battle was over, every ship whichhad pursued him lay burning on the sea or sunk. Victories kept on coming in the days afterSacheon. Firstly, at Dang’po , Admiral Yi defeateda 21-ship strong Japanese fleet, once again using his turtle ships to break apart andwreak havoc within the enemy formation. Soon after, the Koreans advanced on a 26 stronganchored enemy armada at Danghangp’o . All but one of the Japanese vessels were destroyedafter Yi lured them into the open and smashed their battle line to pieces. The land war was still not going well, butYi made sure the position of his realm was supreme on the sea. Back in Japan, Hideyoshi was livid at thecontinued resistance of this small Korean fleet, and angrily ordered his admirals WakizakaYasuharu, Kato Yoshiaki, and Kuki Yoshitaka to cease their useless inland plundering andannihilate Yi Sun-shin. The advancing armies needed supplies and reinforcements,but the Korean navy was stopping them. At the time, Yasuharu’s 82 vessel fleetwas the only one ready for the upcoming fight, and the proud daimyo chose to act alone. He would gain the glory from crushing Yi. The following morning - August 15th - Admiral Yi deployed his fleet in a bay near the island of Hansando. Admiral Won wanted to just attack Yasuharu’sfleet, but Yi refused. Rather than meeting Yasuharu’s fleet inthe narrows of Kyonnaerang where Yi’s ships might collide with one another, he sent sixpanokson warships forward as bait for a trap. When these ships emerged into visual rangeof the enemy, they switched direction and fled. Predictably, the victory-hungry Japanese fleetcame barrelling in pursuit. As they emerged into the open sea, the Korean fleet spread into a semicircular Crane’s Wing formation, light vessels on the flanks,while the heavier ships formed a sturdy centre. When everything was in place, Yi ordered acharge. Immediately the more nimble wings envelopedall of Yasuharu’s vessels, darting in and out whilst showering the enemy with cannonfire and archery. At the same time, the heavier centre - frontedby three turtle ships - smashed directly into the enemy formation. Shooting from all sides, the monstrous turtleships tore many Japanese ships apart with cannon, while the heavy panokson warshipsstayed at a distance, using their advantage in artillery to tear into the Japanese. In particular, metal-cased fire bombs wereshot from mortars located on the decks of panokson craft. Only when the opposing ships were crippleddid the admiral give the order to board and finish them off in melee. After many hours of this drubbing, Yasuharurealised he was defeated and fled to a fast ship, barely managing to escape. Two of his relatives - Wakizaka Sabei and Watanabe Shichi’emon - were not so lucky, and were killed in the fighting. Of 82 Japanese vessels that had sailed through Kyonnaerang that day, only 14 survived the Battle of Hansando. The two colleagues of Yasuharu whom he hadleft behind before the battle - Yoshitaka and Yoshiaki - were quickly informed of thedisaster. They set sail immediately and reached Angolp’o,where they ran into the battered remnants of Yasuharu’s forces. One day later on the 16th of August 1592,favourable winds prompted Yi to follow his defeated foe, arriving outside the Angolp’oharbour and deploying his navy in the crane’s wing formation once again.<br />
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This time he faced a total of 42 Japanese warships at anchor, protected by their own armaments, land fortifications on the nearbycoast, and shallow waters in the bay itself. Yi first attempted to lure the Japanese outwith bait as he had many times before, but the Hansando experience wisened his enemyto that tactic, and it garnered no response. Instead, the Korean admiral changed tactics,arranging for a continuous relay of ship squadrons to row into cannon range, unleash their destructiveartillery volleys on the Japanese and then withdraw to safety. This rolling bombardment was devastatinglysuccessful. Almost all of the ‘pirates’, as Yi calledthem, were killed, especially on the larger craft which had been the primary targets. Seeing that a few ships had been left undamaged,Yi now called his vessels off. Many Japanese had escaped to the nearby shoreand would probably wreak a terrible vengeance on Korean civilians if their means of escapewas destroyed. Aiming to avoid unnecessary suffering amonghis people, the Joseon fleet withdrew to open water for the night. When they returned at dawn the following.<br />
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.........................<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></span></b>.....................</div>
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Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-46622590826370790542020-07-23T06:19:00.008-07:002020-08-20T01:36:25.874-07:00Real Ghost of Tsushima : Mongol Invasion of Japan : Life History <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1ZbJKqZtfMNd2WHpjXyzH3kryw8wdmHUvX6-0F8ri6Q-H6NXLFRudG6Ji9p8_weR5IeSSfaSiTN4Kcv5bYzunadgmIGJGt5Iy3gR4XJa7CBC0qIfZJWCqSYTphDqtM5N0vAsGWGiR8c8/s400/Chinggis-Khan-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Real Ghost of Tsushima:Mongol Invasion of Japan : Life History, mongol Empire, xue talahai, sukesada tsushima" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1ZbJKqZtfMNd2WHpjXyzH3kryw8wdmHUvX6-0F8ri6Q-H6NXLFRudG6Ji9p8_weR5IeSSfaSiTN4Kcv5bYzunadgmIGJGt5Iy3gR4XJa7CBC0qIfZJWCqSYTphDqtM5N0vAsGWGiR8c8/w320-h240/Chinggis-Khan-3.jpg" title="Real Ghost of Tsushima:Mongol Invasion of Japan : Life History, mongol Empire, xue talahai, sukesada tsushima" width="320" /></a></div></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b>Real Ghost of Tsushima:Mongol Invasion of Japan : <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a></b></h2>
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The fierce resistance on the beaches of Hakata Bay and the cataclysmic encounters with typhoons - later known as the kamikaze - stand tallin the popular memory of the Mongol invasions of Japan both within and outside of the country. Having covered the course of the two invasion attempts previously, we will now cover the first clash between Mongol horse archers and Samurai warriors, and their spirited defence of the islands of Tsushima and Iki. By the way, we have a podcast covering thehistory of the Mongols, Japanese monarchs. When the new Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan begansending envoys to Japan in the 1260s, demanding they accept his Heaven ordained rule, Tsushima’sclose proximity to Korea made it a natural stopover for the Khan’s messengers. However, the Japanese government, the Kamakura Bakufu under Hojo Tokimune, repeatedly refused to even see Kublai’s envoys. One returning group of frustrated envoys in1269 captured two fishermen from Tsushima, Tojiro and Yashiro. The two were brought all the way back to thecourt of Kublai. There, the most powerful single individualon the planet entertained two humble fishermen, showing off his grandeur and demanding that,upon their return, they would tell Hojo Tokimune to show him proper respect, that the Khanwished only to have the Japanese King at his court, and to bequeath his fame to posterity. On returning to Japan, the fishermen foundno more success than Kublai’s official envoys did. The continued diplomatic offenses were notforgotten, and Kublai’s pretensions only increased with the declaration of the YuanDynasty in 1271. With the fall of the key Song Dynasty strongholdof Xiangyang, preparations soon followed for an invasion fleet against Japan. On the 2nd of November 1274 an armada of perhaps20,000 Mongols, Northern Chinese, Jurchen, Khitans, and Korean soldiers and sailors aboardnearly 1,000 ships set out from Happ’o on Korea’s southern coast. Tsushima was where the hammer blow would strikefirst. By the evening of November 4th, the defendersspotted the Mongol fleet off the Tsushima coast. Lacking naval powers beyond their small pirateand fishing vessels, the Japanese had no way to harry the Mongols at sea. Tsushima was at that time controlled by theSō clan, whose head, Sō Sukekuni, was the deputy shugo, military governor, of the island. According to the Hachiman Gudokun, a Japanese source written soon after the invasion, on Tsushima there was a shrine to Hachiman, the Japanese god of war. Tradition holds that on the day the Mongol fleet neared Tsushima, a fire broke out at Hachiman’s shrine - a foreboding omen. The fire was extinguished, and white doveswere seen gathering on the roof of the shrine. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz4Rx-iI0coMQCJ7TKU1wgdPFX_DtACYslRLlrO0HglcLbY2inzFepOgAHFeRVYQk898f4zk4Uinq4ET7s34RPBPnZLBLslWTchNTN4PYOK9YyyDeyoBRBxdCMoGjUrlQTnDZC9h63rJQ/s400/sukesada-tsushima-00+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Real Ghost of Tsushima:Mongol Invasion of Japan : Life History, mongol Empire, xue talahai, sukesada tsushima" border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="400" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz4Rx-iI0coMQCJ7TKU1wgdPFX_DtACYslRLlrO0HglcLbY2inzFepOgAHFeRVYQk898f4zk4Uinq4ET7s34RPBPnZLBLslWTchNTN4PYOK9YyyDeyoBRBxdCMoGjUrlQTnDZC9h63rJQ/w320-h179/sukesada-tsushima-00+%25281%2529.jpg" title="Real Ghost of Tsushima:Mongol Invasion of Japan : Life History, mongol Empire, xue talahai, sukesada tsushima" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>sukesada tsushima</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As doves were the messengers of Hachiman,Sukekuni interpreted it as a warning from Hachiman: for why else would the god set fireto his own shrine? Some modern authors have interpreted thisas the doves having caused the fire, perhaps from incendiaries tied to them and hence,the opening salvo in the Mongol attack upon the island. Either way, news reached Sukekuni that a massivefleet was approaching. Sukekuni rallied his forces: some 80 mounted Samurai and their retainers. He led them through the night over rough terrainto set up on the beach of Komoda, and prepare for the dawn. As the Yuan fleet neared Komoda beach earlyon the morning of November 5th, Sukekuni sent a small vessel out to inquire as to the purposeof their arrival. With the bakufu having rebuffed the Great Khan’s envoys repeatedly, the time was well past for talk. Sukekuni knew chances of victory against sucha massive force were non-existent, yet lined the defenders of Tsushima up for battle allthe same as the smaller enemy landing craft neared the shore. The primary weapon of the samurai was thebow, their valuable and iconic yumi, with which each warrior was highly skilled. Like the Mongols, the Samurai fought as mountedarchers, though their maneuvers on horseback could not compare to steppe nomads born intothe saddle. The wealthiest samurai were well protectedin their colourful and distinctive yoroi, though on a poorer island like Tsushima fewof the 80 samurai gathered by Sukekuni would be so well armoured. For sidearms, Sukekuni’s warriors had theirsingle curved blades, the predecessors of the famous katana, while the remainder ofhis forces were armed with little beyond spears and naginata. In contrast, the forces sent against him werevaried, commanded by the Mongol general Ho-tan. Most of the infantry Ho-tan threw againstSukekuni were Chinese and Korean levies raised by the Khan, armed with spears, large wickeror bamboo shields, and protected by cloth and gambeson-like armours. As per Mongol tactics, these troops consideredmost expendable were sent in the first waves, soaking up enemy arrows while the more valuableKhitan, Jurchen, Turkic and Mongol horse archers disembarked from the ships. Generally lightly armoured but highly experienced,their composite bows made them a deadly counter to the samurai. The sea voyage and need to lead their horsesfrom the landing craft meant they could only slowly get into their formations, preventingthem from immediately trying to outflank their enemies as was their usual practice. While the Mongols readied their horses, theKorean and Northern Chinese troops were sent against the samurai. Per Samurai tradition, battle began with awhistling arrow sent high into the air; per Mongol tradition, drums marked the start oftheir own advance. Sukekuni’s skilled archers took a heavytoll on the foe marching up the beach. As the Yuan forces neared them, challengesfor single combat by the Samurai went unanswered by the Chinese and Koreans, marching as theywere behind rather un-samurai-like large shields. Unused to the press[ure?] and greatly outnumbered,Sukekuni pulled his men back to the treeline where the Yuan advance was slowed. Here, the swordsmanship of the samurai madeitself known. One of Sukekuni’s closest comrades, SaitoSukesada, brought down several of the Yuan soldiers and one senior Mongol officer. Standing over the fallen officer, Sukesadashouted threats at the Mongols, calling on any who dared face him in battle. The responded with arrows, three ofwhich pierced the armour of Sukesada’s chest and ended him. In the tradition held in the history of theSō family, seeing the doom that awaited them, Sō Sukekuni loosed the remainder of his arrowsinto the Yuan, and led one final futile cavalry charge into his foe. In the end the defenders were slaughtered,leaving the island open to the Mongols, and over the following week Tsushima was overrun. Towns were burnt, many were slaughtered, anda number of women of the Sō family committed suicide lest they fall into Mongol hands. A worse fate awaited the prisoners. Both Japanese and Yuan sources attest thatwire was threaded through the palms of the prisoners, mainly women, who were strung alongthe prows of the Yuan ships as a gruesome necklace. By the 13th of November, sukesada tsushima had fallenand Ho-tan ordered the fleet to the next island, Iki. Here, the deputy shugo Taira Kagetaka hadhad time to prepare his forces, sending word to Kyushu for aid.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6_DZJyDO7toQgoCyDJEdv_lSbZh6WuhxJp-EQYMhreu2911Lc65h0dKrln9RcWlpQBTWpIsnd2wMTn_dI_odcYYEeSI9JqXYNVq7Dc0IWVYpr2ghMcATADrxY_vjnH0kwGvxMIP-p4NU/s1600/travel-694447__480+%25281%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Real Ghost of Tsushima:Mongol Invasion of Japan : Life History, mongol Empire, xue talahai, sukesada tsushima" border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="512" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6_DZJyDO7toQgoCyDJEdv_lSbZh6WuhxJp-EQYMhreu2911Lc65h0dKrln9RcWlpQBTWpIsnd2wMTn_dI_odcYYEeSI9JqXYNVq7Dc0IWVYpr2ghMcATADrxY_vjnH0kwGvxMIP-p4NU/w320-h180/travel-694447__480+%25281%2529.jpg" title="Real Ghost of Tsushima:Mongol Invasion of Japan : Life History, mongol Empire, xue talahai, sukesada tsushima" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">sukesada tsushima</td></tr></tbody></table>
After sending women and children to HinotsumeCastle, he took 100 mounted Samurai and their retainers to meet the Yuan fleet on the northernbeaches of the island. Kagetaka’s forces held them off for a fewhours, slowing down the Yuan landing, but were unable to prevent it. As the Yuan foothold grew, Kagetaka had nochoice but to withdraw to Hinotsume Castle in the evening. Here, the small wooden walls would not longprovide shelter against the warriors who had taken Xiangyang. Kagetaka sent his daughter, Katsura-hime,with a single samurai to take word to the bakufu, and prepared for a hopeless last standas the Yuan encircled the castle. Women and townspeople within the castle joinedin the defence, hurling what they could at the enemy. Catapults and Mongol arrows made short workof those on the walls, and when Kagetaka attempted to lead a valiant sally through the gates,he found the Mongols pushing captive Japanese before them, wire threaded through their palms,living cover for Mongol ian archers. His numbers dwindling, Kagetaka led what wasleft to the castle. As fire began to engulf the fort and his remainingmen gave them what time they could, Kagetaka watched his family commit suicide before hetoo joined them in his final act of defiance. Iki was thus overrun, and slaughter and otheratrocities followed. Katsura-hime never made it to shore, her boatcoming too close to Mongol arrows. Survivors, such as Katsura’s Samurai bodyguard,brought news of the terrors on <span style="font-size: x-large;">Tsushima</span> and Iki to the rest of Japan. In popular tradition, upon learning of these horrors the regent, Hojo Tokimune, stated that this would be the most momentous occasionof his life. When asked by a nearby priest how he intendedto reply to the Mongol invasion, Tokimune shrieked “Katsu!” <b>-</b> Victory. As we covered before, the Mongols would notfind victory on the shores of Hakata Bay, where stiff Japanese resistance and an unexpectedstorm pushed the remnants of the fleet back to the Yuan realm. Undaunted by the efforts of this small archipelago,Kublai threw another, even larger fleet against Japan after he had conquered the Song Dynasty. In 1281 his forces returned to Tsushima andIki, though little information is provided on these second encounters other than thefact local defences once again fell quickly. One detail provided is that Saito Sukesada’sson, Sō Moriaki, continued in his father’s legacy and fought the Mongols on the beachesof Tsushima. Another is that the crying of children inthe mountains of Tsushima alerted the Mongols to the presence of families hiding there,resulting in the deaths of 300. Ultimately, the invasion of 1281 proved aneven greater disaster than the first, and thousands of Chinese, Mongols, and Koreansmet their end in the sea off the coast of Japan. Local defenses on Tsushima and the Japanes eislands continued to be maintained during the following decades for the possibilityof a Mongol return, which was threatened but never materialized. Emboldened, Japanese pirates once more beganto threaten the coast line, continuously attacking Korea throughout the Yuan and Ming eras, andin time ranging as far afield as Malaysia. On sukesada tsushima and Iki, memorials stand to the brave samurai who stood against unstoppable odds, local heroes who gave their lives forthe defense of their islands, small garrisons against perhaps the most fearsome army in history. Once again,<br />
<br /><br /><b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/mongol-army-it-all-started-life-history.html" target="_blank">Mongol Army: How it All Started : Life History</a></b><br />
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........................<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life Histor</a></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">y</a>.</span></b>........................ </div>
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Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-30427723556303199862020-07-19T09:01:00.000-07:002020-07-23T09:32:29.034-07:00কর্মযোগ প্রসঙ্গে দ্বিতীয় পর্ব :Swami Vivekananda : বাণী ও রচনা : Life History <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><u>কর্মযোগ প্রসঙ্গে দ্বিতীয় পর্ব :</u></b><b><u>Swami Vivekananda : বাণী ও রচনা : <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History </a></u></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qzpDTy77CeZ_Di9zdPNdNWIHTBphK1dfBw1hEnAc3-bm4nWn-rmokku49bmBzqV2bt7bLi1dCRwpUacey7VwKTZzZZMgC7NU8wH7xnyQqKRHcfTeLeTUtRy3Wqb9Rt0xGaS3A0pnG0k/s1600/swami-vivekananda-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="341" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qzpDTy77CeZ_Di9zdPNdNWIHTBphK1dfBw1hEnAc3-bm4nWn-rmokku49bmBzqV2bt7bLi1dCRwpUacey7VwKTZzZZMgC7NU8wH7xnyQqKRHcfTeLeTUtRy3Wqb9Rt0xGaS3A0pnG0k/s320/swami-vivekananda-1.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><u>Swami Vivekananda</u></b></td></tr>
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যাবতীয় স্কুল ও সূক্ষ্ম বস্তু হইতে আত্মাকে পৃথক করাই আমাদের লক্ষ্য। এই অবস্থা লাভ হইলে বােধ হইবে, আত্মা সর্বকালে একাই বিদ্যমান ছিলেন তাহাকে সুখী করার জন্য অন্য কাহারও প্রয়োজন নেই। সুখী হবার জন্য আমরা যতদিন অন্যের উপর নির্ভরশীল থাকিব, ততদিন আমরা <b><u>ক্রীতদাস</u></b>।<br />
পুরুষ’ যখন দেখেন তিনি মুক্ত, তাহার পূর্ণতার জন্য কিছুরই প্রয়োজন নেই এবং এই প্রকৃতি সম্পূর্ণ অনাবশ্যক, তখন মুক্তি বা ‘কৈবল্য লাভ হয়। কয়েকটা ডলারের প্রত্যাশায় মানুষ ছুটাছুটি করে এবং ইহার জন্য সে তোমার প্রতিবেশীকে প্রতারণা করতে কুণ্ঠিত হয় না। কিন্তু তোমার যদি নিজেদের সংযত করতে পারে, তবে কয়েক বৎসরের মধ্যে তাদের চরিত্র এরূপ উন্নত হবে যে, তখন তাহার ইচ্ছা করলে লক্ষ লক্ষ ডলার উপার্জন করিতে পারিবে। তখন তাহাদের ইচ্ছাশক্তি জগৎকে নিয়ন্ত্রিত করিবে। কিন্তু আমরা সব বড়ই নির্বোধ একজনের ভুলত্রুটির কথা সর্বসমক্ষে বলিয়া লাভ কি এভাবে ত্রুটি সংশােধিত হয় না।<br />
কারণ <b><u>কৃতকর্মের</u></b> জন্য মানুষকে দুঃখ ভােগ করিতে হইবেই। অবশ্যই চেষ্টা করিয়া উন্নতিলাভ করিতে হইবে। যাহারা দৃঢ় এবং শক্তিশালী, জগৎ তাহাদেরই প্রতি সহানুভূতিশীল। যে-কাজ মানবজাতি ও<br />
প্রকৃতির উদ্দেশ্যে স্বেচ্ছাপ্রণােদিতভাবে করিয়া দেওয়া হয়, তাহাই আসক্তি বা বন্ধনের কারণ হয় না। কোন প্রকার <b><u>কর্তব্য</u></b> <b><u>কর্মই</u></b> তুচ্ছ নয়। নিম্নতর কার্য করে বলিয়াই একজন যে উচ্চতর কার্য করে তাহার তুলনায় নিম্নস্তরের হয় না। কে কিরূপ <u><b><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/?m=1" target="_blank">কর্তব্য</a></b></u> করিতেছে দেখিয়া মানুষকে বিচার করা উচিত নয় ; সেই <b><u>কর্তব্য</u></b> সে কিভাবে সম্পাদন করিতেছে, তাহা দেখিয়া বিচার করা উচিত। ঐ কার্য করিবার ধরন এবং শক্তিই মানুষের যথার্থ পরীক্ষা। প্রত্যহ আবােল-তাবােল বকিয়া থাকেন, এমন একজন অধ্যাপক অপেক্ষা যে মুচি নিজ ব্যবসায় ও <b><u>কর্ম</u></b> অনুসারে অতি অল্পসময়ের মধ্যে একজোড়া সুন্দর মজবুত জুতা প্রস্তুত।<br />
করিতে পারে, সে বড়। প্রত্যেক <b><u>কর্মই</u></b> পবিত্র এবং <b><u>কর্তব্যনিষ্ঠাই</u></b> ঈশ্বরের শ্রেষ্ঠ উপাসনা। বদ্ধ<br />
ব্যক্তিদের মােহগ্রস্ত ও অজ্ঞনাচ্ছিন্ন আত্মাকে মুক্ত করিতে এবং জ্ঞানালােক দিতে <u><b>কর্তব্য</b></u> প্রভূত সহায়তা করে, সন্দেহ নাই। আমাদের অতি নিকটেই যে কর্তবা রহিয়াছে যাহা এখন আমাদের হাতে আছে, তাহা উওমরূপে সম্পাদন করিয়াই আমরা ক্রমশঃ শক্তি লাভ করি।<br />
এইরূপে ধারে ধীরে শক্তি বৃদ্ধি করিয়া আমরা এমন এক অবস্থায় উপনীত হইতে পারি যে, জীবনে ও সমাজে সর্বাপেক্ষা লােভনীয় ও সম্মানজনক <b><u>কর্তব্য</u></b> সম্পাদনের (গীরব ও অধিকার আমরা লাভ করিব। প্রকৃতির বিচার সর্বত্রই সমানভাবে কঠোর এবং নির্দয় হইয়া থাকে। সর্বাপেক্ষা অধিক ব্যবহারিক জ্ঞানসম্পন্ন ব্যক্তির নিকট জীবন ভাল বা মন্দ কোনটিই নয়। প্রত্যেক সফলকাম ব্যক্তিই কৃতকার্যতার পশ্চাতে কোথাও অসাধারণ দৃঢ়তা ও ঐকান্তিকতা বর্তমান। ইহাই তাহার জীবনে বিরাট সফলতার হেতু। সে হয়তাে সম্পূর্ণ স্বার্থশূন্য হইতে পারে নাই, কিন্তু সে ক্রমশঃ এই আদর্শের দিকেই অগ্রসর হইতেছিল। সে যদি সম্পূর্ণরূপে স্বাশিন্য হইতে পারিত, তবে তাহার জীবন বুদ্ধ বা খ্রীস্টের জীবনের মতাে মহান ও সার্থক হইতে পারিত। স্বার্থশূন্যতার তারতম্যের উপরই সর্বক্ষেত্রে সফলতার তারতম্য নির্ভর করে। মানবজাতির মহান নেতৃবৃন্দ নির্দিষ্ট সাধারণ <b><u>কর্মক্ষেত্র</u></b> অপেক্ষা উচ্চতর<br />
কর্মক্ষেত্রের জনাই আসেন। আমরা যতই চেষ্টা করি না কেন, এমন কোন কার্য হইতে পারে না, যাহা সম্পূর্ণ পবিত্র বা একেবারে অপবিত্র এখানে ‘পবিত্রতা' অথবা 'অপবিত্রতা হিংসা বা অহিংসা অর্থে গ্রহণ করতে হবে। আমরা অপরের অনিষ্ট না করিয়া স্বাস-প্রশ্বাস ত্যাগ বা জীবনধারণ করিতে পারি না। আমাদের প্রত্যেক<br />
অমুষ্টি অপরের মুখ হইতে কাড়িয়া লওয়া। আমাদের বাচিয়া জগৎ জুড়িয়া থাকার দরুন অপর কতকগুলি প্রাণীর স্থানাভাব হইতেছে হয়তাে কোন মানুষের বা অপর প্রাণীর বা কোন ছােট উদ্ভিদের কিন্তু যাহারই হউক না।<br />
কেন, আমরা কোন না কোন প্রাণীর স্থান সঙ্কোচ করিবার কারণ হইয়াছি। হাই যদি হইল, তবে স্বভাবতই ইহা বুঝা যাইতেছে যে, <b><u><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/swami-vivekananda-life-history19_19.html?m=1" target="_blank">কর্মের</a></u></b> দ্বারা কখনাে পূর্ণতা লাভ হয় না। অমিরা অনন্তকাল কাজ করিয়া যাইতে পারি, কিন্তু এই করিয়া যাইতে পারি, কিন্তু কাজ কখনাে শেষ হইবে না। জটিল সংসার-যন্ত্র হইতে বাহির হইবার পথ পাইব না; আমরা ক্রমাগত কাজ যে ব্যক্তি স্বেচ্ছায় এবং ভালবাসার সহিত কাজ করে, ফলাফলের প্রতি তাহার দৃষ্টি থাকে না। কিন্তু ক্রীতদাসকে চাবুক মারার প্রয়ােজন হয় ; ভূত পারিশ্রমিক চায়। জীবনের সর্বত্র এইরূপ। জনসভার কোন বক্তা একটু বাহক। চায়। এইগুলি না দিয়া যদি তাহাকে এক কোণে ফেলিয়া রাখা যায়, তবে তাহার মৃত্যু হইবে, কেন না এইগুলি তাহার প্রয়ােজন। ইহাই ক্রীতদাসের ভাবে কাজ করা। এরূপ অবস্থায় প্রতিদানে কিছু আশা করা অভ্যাস হইয়া পড়ে। ইহার পর ভৃত্যের মতাে <b><u>কর্ম</u></b> করা। কৃত্যের প্রয়ােজন পারিশ্রমিকের-আমি ইহ দিতেছি, তুমি উহা দাও।' <b><u>কর্মের</u></b> জন্য <b><u>কর্ম</u></b> করি' এ-কথা বলার মতাে সহজ আর কিছুই নাই। কিন্তু এইভাবে কর্ম করার মতাে কঠিন<br />
আর কিছুই নাই। <b><u>কর্মের</u></b> জন্য কম করে এইরূপ কোন ব্যক্তিকে দর্শন করিবার জন্য কষ্ট স্বীকার করিয়াও বদর যাইতে রাজি আছি। কোথাও হয়তাে একটি অভিসন্ধি থাকে। যদি অর্থের অভিসন্ধি না হয়, তবে প্রত্বের মতলব। যদি প্রভুত্ব না হয়, তবে লাভের উদ্দেশ্য। কোনরূপে কোথাও একটি প্রেরণা থাকিবেই। তুমি আমার বন্ধু, আমি তােমার জন্য তােমার সহিত কাজ করিতে চাই। এ পর্যন্ত বেশ চমৎকার এবং প্রতি মুহূর্তে আমি আমার আন্তরিকতা ঘােষণা করিতে পারি। কিন্তু সাবধান, তােমাকে আমার সহিত নিশ্চয়ই একমত হইতে হইবে। যদি তুমি একমত হইতে না পার, তবে আমি আর তােমায় দেখিব না বা তােমায় সাহায্য করিব না! এরূপ অভিসন্ধিমূলক <b><u>কর্ম</u></b> দ্বারা দুঃখ হয়। মনকে বশে রাখিয়া আমরা যে কাজ করি, সে-কাজই অনাসক্তি ও আনন্দের কারণ হয়। একটি মহৎ শিক্ষণীয় বিষয় এই যে, আমার মাপকাঠিতে সমগ্র জগৎকে বিচার করিলে চলিবে না। প্রত্যেক লােককে তাহার ভাব অনুযায়ী বিচার করিতে হইবে, প্রত্যেক জাতিকে উহার আদর্শ অনুযায়ী এবং প্রতিটি প্রদেশের প্রতিটি রীতি-নীতি নিজস্ব যুক্তি ও অবস্থা অনুসারে বিচার করিতে হইবে। আমেরিকানরা যে পারিপার্শ্বিকের মধ্যে বাস করে, তাহার প্রভাবেই আমেরিকাবাসীদের রীতি-নীতির উদ্ভব হইয়াছে, এবং ভারতবাসীদের পরিবেশের ফলেই ভারতীয় রীতি-নীতির উদ্ভব। এইভাবে চীন, জাপান<br />
প্রভৃতি দেশের পক্ষে ও এ-কথা প্রযােজ্য।<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><u>Swami Vivekananda </u></b></td></tr>
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আমাদের যােগ্যতা অনুযায়ী আমাদের পরিবেশ গড়িয়া ওঠে। খেলার সময় প্রতিটি গােলক উহার যথানির্দিষ্ট গর্তে গিয়া পতিত হয়। যদি একজনের কর্মক্ষমতা অপরের চেয়ে বেশি হয়, তবে সাংসারিক বিন্যাসে তাহা ধরা পড়িবেই। সুতরাং অভিযােগ করিয়া কোন লাভ নাই। কোন একজন ধনী হয়তাে দুষ্ট, কিন্তু তাহার মধ্যে এমন কতকগুলি গুণের সমাবেশ হইয়াছে,<br />
যাহার ফলে সে ধনী হইয়াছে। অনা যে-কোন ব্যক্তির মধ্যে এই গুণগুলি থাকিলে সেও ধনশালী হইতে পারিবে। পরস্পর বিবাদ এবং অভিযােগ<br />
করিয়া কি ফুল ইহা দ্বারা আমাদের অবস্থার কোন উন্নতি করিতে পারি তবে জীবনের প্রতিটি ক্ষেত্রেই সে অভিযােগ করিবে। সর্বক্ষণ অসন্তুষ্ট<br />
না। কাহাকেও ছােট কিছু করিতে হইতেছে বলিয়া যদি সে অভিযােগ করে, থাকে, সেই আলােকের সন্ধান পায় এবং উচ্চ হইতে উচ্চতর <b><u>কর্তব্য</u></b> তাহার থাকিয়া তাহার জীবন দুঃখময় হইয়া উঠিবে এবং সমস্ত কিছুই পণ্ড হইবে। কিন্তু যে ব্যক্তি তাহার <b><u>কর্তব্য</u></b> <b><u>কর্মে</u></b> নিয়ত অবিচল থাকিয়া অগ্রসর হইতে নিকট আসিয়া উপস্থিত হয়।<br />
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<b><u><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/swami-vivekananda-life-history19_19.html?m=1" target="_blank">কর্মযোগ প্রসঙ্গে প্রথম পর্ব </a> </u></b><br />
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..........................<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/?m=1" target="_blank">Life History</a></u></span></b>..........................</div>
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Abhijithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06049845985200268321noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2371633469487260476.post-53151600996813911402020-07-19T08:55:00.002-07:002020-08-05T01:40:29.190-07:00কর্মযােগ প্রসঙ্গ : কর্ম বা কার্য ও তাহার রহস্য :Swami Vivekananda : বাণী ও রচনা : Life History <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><u>কর্মযােগ প্রসঙ্গ : কর্ম বা কার্য ও তাহার রহস্য :</u></b><b><u>Swami Vivekananda : বাণী ও রচনা : <a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History </a></u></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qzpDTy77CeZ_Di9zdPNdNWIHTBphK1dfBw1hEnAc3-bm4nWn-rmokku49bmBzqV2bt7bLi1dCRwpUacey7VwKTZzZZMgC7NU8wH7xnyQqKRHcfTeLeTUtRy3Wqb9Rt0xGaS3A0pnG0k/s1600/swami-vivekananda-1.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="কর্মযােগ প্রসঙ্গ : কর্ম বা কার্য ও তাহার রহস্য :Swami Vivekananda : বাণী ও রচনা : Life History" border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="341" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qzpDTy77CeZ_Di9zdPNdNWIHTBphK1dfBw1hEnAc3-bm4nWn-rmokku49bmBzqV2bt7bLi1dCRwpUacey7VwKTZzZZMgC7NU8wH7xnyQqKRHcfTeLeTUtRy3Wqb9Rt0xGaS3A0pnG0k/s320/swami-vivekananda-1.jpg" title="কর্মযােগ প্রসঙ্গ : কর্ম বা কার্য ও তাহার রহস্য :Swami Vivekananda : বাণী ও রচনা : Life History" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><u><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/Swami-Vivekananda-life-history_19.html" target="_blank">SwamiVivekananda</a></u></b></td></tr>
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আমার জীবনে যে-সব শ্রেষ্ঠ শিক্ষা লাভ করিয়াছি, সেগুলির অন্যতম এই যে, <b><u>কর্মের</u></b> উদ্দেশ্যের প্রতি যতটা মনােযােগ দেওয়া আবশ্যক, উপায়গুলির প্রতিও ততটা দেওয়া উচিত। এই শিক্ষা আমি যাহার নিকট লাভ করিয়াছি, তিনি একজন মহাপুরুষ, এবং তাহার জীবন ছিল এই মহতী নীতির বাস্তব রূপায়ণ। এই একটি নীতি হইতেই আমি সর্বদা মহৎ শিক্ষা লাভ করিয়া আসিতেছি; এবং আমার মনে হয়, জীবনের সকল সাফল্যের রহস্য সেখানেই অর্থাৎ উদ্দেশ্যের প্রতি যতটা, উপায়গুলির প্রতিও ততটা<br />
মনােযােগ দেওয়া। আমাদের জীবনের বড় ত্রুটি এই যে, আমরা আদর্শের প্রতি এত বেশি আকৃষ্ট হইয়া পড়ি লক্ষ্য আমাদের নিকট এত বেশি মনােমুগ্ধকর, এত বেশি লােভনীয় হয় এবং আমাদের মানসপটে এত বড় হইয়া যায় যে, আমরা উপায়গুলি খুঁটিনাটিভাবে দেখিতে পাই না; কিন্তু যখনই বিফলতা আসে, তখন যদি আমরা পুঙ্খানুপুঙ্খরূপে বিশ্লেষণ করিয়া দেখি, তবে শতকরা নিরানব্বইটি ক্ষেত্রে দেখিব যে, উপায়গুলির প্রতি মনােযােগ দিই নাই বলিয়াই আমরা বিফল হইয়াছি। উপায়গুলিকে নিখুঁত ও দৃঢ় করার দিকে মনােযােগ দেওয়াই আমাদের বিশেষ প্রয়ােজন। উপায়গুলি যথাযথ হইলে উদ্দেশ্যসিদ্ধি হইবেই। আমরা ভুলিয়া যাই যে, কারণই <u><b>কার্য</b></u> উৎপাদন করে <b><u>কার্য</u></b> কখনই নিজে নিজে উৎপন্ন হইতে পারে না; কারণগুলি ঠিক, উপযুক্ত ও শক্তিশালী না হইলে <u><b>কার্য</b></u> কখনাে উৎপন্ন হইবে না। একবার যখন আদর্শ নির্বাচিত ও উহার উপায়গুলি নির্ধারিত হয়, তখন আর আদর্শের কথা না। ভাবিলেও পারি; কারণ উপায়গুলি নিখুঁত করিতে পারিলে আদর্শের বিষয়ে আমরা নিশ্চিত হইতে পারি; যেখানে কারণ আছে, সেখানে <b><u>কার্য</u></b> সম্বন্ধে আর কোন বাধা নাই, <u><b>কার্য</b></u> অবশ্যই হইবে; আমরা যদি কারণ বিষয়ে যত্নবান হই, তাহা হইলে <u><b>কার্যও</b></u> হইবে। আদর্শের উপলব্ধিই <u><b>কার্য</b></u>, উপায়গুলিই কারণ ;<br />
সুতরাং উপায়ের প্রতি মনােযােগদানই জীবন-সমস্যা সমাধানের রহস্য। এই বিষয়টি আমরা গীতাতেও পাঠ করিয়া থাকি; সেখানে আমরা এই শিক্ষা পাই যে, আমাদের কাম্ফ করিতে হইবে, সমগ্র শক্তি দিয়া নিয়ত কাজ করিয়া যাইতে হইবে; এবং যে কোন কাজেই আমরা নিযুক্ত হই না কেন, তাহার উপর আমাদের সমগ্ৰ মন সমাহিত করিতে হইবে; অথচ দেখিতে হইবে,<br />
আমরা যেন কমে আসক্ত হইয়া না পড়ি, অর্থাৎ অন্য কোন কিছুর প্রভাবে যেন <b><u>কর্ম</u></b> হইতে সরিয়া যাই, কিন্তু তবু সর্বাবস্থাতেই যেন ইচ্ছামাত্র আমরা<br />
<b><u>কর্মত্যাগ</u></b> করিতে সমর্থ হই। আমরা যদি নিজ নিজ জীবন বিশ্লেষণ করি, তাহা হইলে দেখিতে পাই, যে, আমাদের দুঃখের সবচেয়ে বড় কারণ এই আমরা কোন কাত এ হণ করিয়া তাহাতে আমাদের সমস্ত শক্তি নিয়ােজিত করি ; হয়তাে তাহা নিস্থল হইল, তথাপি আমরা তাহা পরিত্যাগ করিতে পারি না। আমরা জানি, <b><u>কর্ম</u></b> আমাদিগকে আঘাত দিতেছে, <b><u><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/Swami-Vivekananda-life-history_19.html" target="_blank">কর্মের</a></u></b> প্রতি আরও বেশি আসক্তি আমাদের কেবল দুঃখই দিতেছে তথাপি আমরা ঐ <b><u>কর্ম</u></b> হইতে নিজেদের বিচ্ছিন্ন করিতে পারি না। মক্ষিকা মধুপান করিতে আসিয়াছিল, কিন্তু তাহার পাগুলি মধুভাণ্ডে আটকাইয়া গেল! সে আর বাহির হইতে পারিল না।<br />
বার বারই আমাদের এরূপ দুরবস্থা হইতেছে। আমাদের সমগ্র জীবনই এইরূপ একটা রহস্যে আবৃত। কেন আমরা এ জগতে আসিয়াছি? আমরা এখানে মধুপান করিতে আসিয়াছিলাম, কিন্তু দেখিতে পাইতেছি আমাদের হাত-পা উহাতে আবদ্ধ হইয়া পড়িয়াছে! আমরা জগৎকে ধরিতে আসিয়াছিলাম, কিন্তু নিজেরাই ধৃত হইয়া পড়িলাম ভােগ করিতে আসিয়াছিলাম, কিন্তু আমরাই ভূক্ত হইতেছি শাসন করিতে আসিয়াছিলাম, কিন্তু নিজেরাই শাসিত হইতেছি।<br />
কাজ করিতে আসিয়াছিলাম, কিন্তু অপরের হস্তে ক্রীড়নক হইয়া পড়িতেছি এরপ ব্যাপার আমরা সর্বদাই দেখিতে পাই। আমাদের জীবনে প্রত্যেক ছোটখাট ব্যাপারে এইরূপই ঘটিয়া থাকে। অপরের মন-বুদ্ধি দ্বারা<br />
আমরা চালিত হইতেছি; আবার আমরা সর্বদাই অপরের মন-বুদ্ধির উপর প্রভাব বিস্তার করিতে চেষ্টা করিতেছি। আমরা জীবনের সুখস্বাচ্ছন্দ্য উপভােগ। করিতে চাই, কিন্তু সেগুলিই আমাদের প্রাণশক্তি ক্ষয় করিয়া ফেলে। আমরা চাই প্রকৃতি হইতে কিছু আহরণ করিতে, কিন্তু পরিণামে দেখিতে পাই, প্রকৃতিই আমাদের সর্বস্ব কাড়িয়া লয় আমাদিগকে একেবারে রিক্ত করিয়া ফেলিয়া দেয়। যদি এরূপ না হইত, তবে জীবন আনন্দোজ্জল হইয়া উঠিত। এগুলি কখনাে গ্রাহ্য করিও না। আমরা যদি বিষয়ে জড়িত হইয়া না পড়ি, তাহা হইলে সর্ববিধ সফলতা ও বিফলতা, সুখ ও দুঃখ সত্ত্বেও আমাদের জীবন অবিরাম আনন্দোজ্জ্বল হইতে পারে। দুঃখের ইহাই একটি কারণ যে, আমরা আসক্ত হই; আমরা নিত্য আবদ্ধ হইতেছি। এজন্য গীতা বলিতেছেন নিয়ত <b><u>কর্ম</u></b> কর; <b><u>কর্ম</u></b> কর, কিন্তু আসক্ত হইও না ; <b><u>কর্মে</u></b> বদ্ধ হইও না। প্রত্যেক বিষয় হইতে নিজেকে প্রত্যাহৃত করিবার শক্তি সঞ্চিত রাখ কোন বস্তু যত প্রিয়ই হউক না কেন, তাহা পাইবার জন্য মন যত বেশিই ব্যাকুল হউক না কেন, তাহা ত্যাগ করিতে গেলে যত তীব্র বেদনা অনুভব কর না কেন, প্রয়ােজনকালে তাহা পরিত্যাগের শক্তি নিজের মধ্যে সঞ্চিত রাখ। এই জীবনেই হউক বা অন্য কোন জীবনেই হউক দুর্বলের স্থান নাই, দুর্বলতা দাসত্ব আনে। দুর্বলতা সর্বপ্রকার শারীরিক ও মানসিক দুঃখের কারণ। দুর্বলতাই মৃত্যু। শতসহস্র জীবাণু আমাদের চারিদিকে বিচরণ করিতেছে; কিন্তু যে পর্যন্ত না আমরা<br />
দুর্বল হইয়া পড়ি, যে পর্যন্ত না আমাদের দেহ ঐগুলি গ্রহণ করিবার জন্য পর্বেই প্রস্তুত ও উন্মুখ হয়, সে পর্যন্ত ঐ জীবাণুগুলি আমাদের অনিষ্ট করিতে। পারে না। লক্ষ লক্ষ দুঃখের জীবাণু আমাদের চারিদিকে ভাসমান থাকিতে হয়, সেগুলি আমাদের নিকট আসিতে সাহস করিবে না; আমাদিগকে আয়ত্ত পারে; ঐগুলিকে গ্রাহ্য করিলে চলিবে না। যে পর্যন্ত আমাদের মন দুর্বল না করিবার কোন শক্তি তাহাদের নাই। জীবনের পরম সত্য এই শক্তিই জীবন, দুর্বলতাই মৃত্যু। শক্তিই সুখ ও আনন্দ ; শক্তিই অনন্ত ও অবিনশ্বর জীবন ; এই জীবনে যাবতীয় ইন্দ্রিয়- সুখের উৎস আসক্তি। আমরা আমাদের দুর্বলতাই অবিরাম দুঃখ ও উদ্বেগের কারণ ; দুর্বলতাই মৃত্যু।<br />
বন্ধু-বান্ধবদের প্রতি আসক্ত হই; নিজেদের মানসিক ও আধ্যাত্মিক ব্যাপারে আসক্ত হই; যাবতীয় বাহ্যবস্তুতে আসক্ত হই, যাহাতে ঐগুলির সাহায্যে ইন্দ্রিয়সুখ লাভ করিতে পারি। আবার এই আসক্তি ভিন্ন আর কি আছে, যাহা আমাদের দুঃখ দিতে পারে আনন্দ অর্জন করিতে হইলে আমাদিগকে আসক্তিহীন হইতে হইবে। ইচ্ছামাত্র অনাসক্ত হইবার শক্তি যদি আমাদের<br />
থাকিত, তবে কোন দুঃখই থাকিত না। কেবল সেই ব্যক্তিই প্রকৃতির শ্রেষ্ঠ বক্তলাভে সমর্থ হইবেন, যিনি সমগ্র শক্তি দিয়া কোন বস্তুতে আসক্ত হইবার সামথ্য লাভ করিয়াও প্রয়ােজনকালে নিজেকে অনাসক্ত করিবারও শক্তি ধারণ করেন। কিন্তু মুশকিল এই যতটুকু আসক্ত হইবার ক্ষমতা থাকা দরকার,<br />
ততটুকু অনাসক্ত হইবার ক্ষমতাও থাকা উচিত। আবার এমন সব ব্যক্তি আছে, যাহারা কোন ক্ষি দ্বারা আকৃষ্ট হয় না। তাহারা ভালবাসিতে পারে না; তাহারা কঠিনহৃদয় ও উদাসীন। অবশ্য জীবনের অধিকাংশ দুঃখ তাহারা এড়াইয়া যায়। কিন্তু দেওয়াল কখনাে দুঃখবােধ করে না, কখনাে ভালবাসে। না, কখনাে আঘাত পায় না; তাহা হইলেও উহা দেওয়ালই থাকে। নিতান্ত অনুভূতিহীন দেওয়াল হওয়া অপেক্ষা কোন কিছুর প্রতি আসক্তি বা আকর্ষণ অনুভব করা বরং ভাল।<br />
যে কখনাে কাহাকেও ভালবাসে না, যে কঠিন হৃদয় ও পাষাণল্য, সে জীবনের অধিকাংশ দুঃখ এড়াইবার সঙ্গে সঙ্গে আনন্দ হইতেও বঞ্চিত হয়। এইরূপ অবস্থা আমরা কামনা করি না। ইহা দুর্বলতা, ইহা মতলা। যে হৃদয় কখনো দুর্বলতা অনুভব করে না, দুঃখ অনুভব করে না, সে হদয় কখনই জাগ্রত হয় নাই। তাহা স্প+নহীন জড়াবস্থা ; এরপ<br />
অবস্থা আমরা চাই না। এইসঙ্গে কেবল প্রেমের এই মহাশক্তি, আসক্তির এই প্রবল আকর্ষণ।<br />
একটিমাত্র বস্তুর উপর সমগ্র মনঃপ্রাণ ঢালিয়া দিয়া নিজ সত্তাকে যেন অপরের জন্য নিশেষ করিয়া দেওয়ার শক্তি যাহা দেবতাদেরই<br />
শক্তি আমাদের কাম্য নয় ; পরন্তু আমরা দেবগণ অপেক্ষাও উচ্চতর, মহত্তর সমাহিত করিতে পারিলেও অনাসক্তই থাকেন। এই অবস্থা কিরূপে আসে? আর এই এও বহসাই আমাদের শিক্ষা করিতে হইবে। হইতে চাই। <b><u>পূর্ণজ্ঞানী</u></b> প্রেমের সেই একটি বিন্দুতে নিজের সমগ্র চিত্ত ভিক্ষুক কখনাে সুখী হয় না। সে যৎকিঞ্চিৎ ভিক্ষা পায়, কিন্তু ইহার পাতে থাকে করুণা ও মৃণা ; ভিক্ষুক যে নী ব্যক্তি, অস্তুতঃ এইরূপ যথাছরিপে উপভােগ করিতে পারে না। মনােভাব দানের পশ্চাতে থাকিয়া যায়। যাহা সে পায়, তাহা কখনাে<br />
আমরা সকলেই ভিক্ষুক। আমরা যাহাই করি, তাহারই একটা প্রতিদান চাই। আমরা সকলেই জীবন ও ধর্ম লইয়া ব্যবসা করি! হায়, আমরা প্রেম লইয়াও ব্যবসা করি তােমরা যদি ব্যবসা করিতে আসিয়া থাক, আদান-প্রদান ক্রয়-বিক্রয়ের প্রশ্নই যদি তােমাদের প্রধান হইয়া থাকে, তাহা হইলে ক্রয়-বিক্রয়ের নাতি অনুসরণ কর। ব্যবসাক্ষেত্রে ভাল সময় আছে, মন্দ সময়ও আছে, মূল্যের উথান-পতনও আছে, সব সমায়ে আঘাতের আশঙ্কাও আছে। ব্যাপারটি দর্পণ<br />
মুখ দেখার মতাে; তােমার মুখ প্রতিবিম্বিত হইল। মুখভঙ্গি কর, দর্পণে এ মুখভঙ্গি দেখা যাইবে; তুমি যদি হাস, দর্পণও হাসিবে তাহাতে হাসি<br />
প্রতিবিম্বিত হইবে। ইহাই ক্রয়-বিক্রয়, ইহাই আদান-প্রদান। আমরা আবদ্ধ হইয়া পড়ি। কি প্রকারে আবদ্ধ হইয়া পড়ি? যাহা দিই তাহার জন্য নয়, পর যাহা আশা করি তাহার জন্যই। প্রেমের প্রতিদানে পাই আমরা দুঃখ-ভালবাসি বলিয়া নয়, পর' প্রতিদানে ভালবাসা চাই বলিয়া। আকাক্ষা যেখানে নাই, দুঃখ সেখানে থাকে না। বাসনা অভাববােধই সকল দুঃখের মূল। সফলতা ও বিফলতার নিয়মে বাসনাসমূহ আবদ্ধ। বাসনা অবশ্যই দুঃখ আনিবে।।<br />
সুতরাং প্রকৃত সফলতা, প্রকৃত সুখের শ্রেষ্ঠ রহস্য এইঃ যিনি প্রতিদান চান না যিনি সম্পূর্ণভাবে নিঃস্বার্থ, তিনিই সর্বাধিক <b><u>কৃতকার্য</u></b>।<br />
কথাটি হেঁয়ালি বলিয়া মনে হয়। আমরা কি জানি না প্রত্যেক নিঃস্বার্থ ব্যক্তি জীবনে প্রতারিত হন, আঘাতপ্রাপ্ত হন আপাততঃ তাহাই বটে। 'যীশুখ্রীস্ট নিঃস্বার্থ ছিলেন, তথাপি খুশবিদ্ধ হইয়াছিলেন' সতা বটে, কিন্তু আমরা<br />
জানি যে, এক মহান বিজয়ের কোটি কোটি মানুষের জীবনকে প্রকৃত সাফলের কল্যাণে মণ্ডিত করিবার জনাই তাহার এই নিঃস্বার্থপরত।।<br />
কিছুই আকাক্ষা করিও না ; প্রতিদানে কিছুই চাহিও না। যাহা তোমার দিবার আছে দাও; ইহা তােমার নিকট ফিরিয়া আসিবে, কিন্তু সে বিষয়<br />
ইহার উপর মনােনিবেশ মােটেই করিবে না। দানের শক্তি লাভ কর; দাও এখন চিন্তা করিও না। সহস্রগুণ বর্ধিত হইয়া ইহা ফিরিয়া আসিবে, কিন্তু ব্যস, সেখানেই শেষ। শিক্ষা কর দান করিবার জন্যই এ জীবন, প্রকৃতি তােমাকে দান করিতে বাধ্য করিবে; সুতরাং স্বেচ্ছায় দান কর। শীঘ্রই হউক আর বিলম্বেই হউক, তোমাকে ত্যাগ করিতেই হইবে যাহা দেয়, তাহা দিতেই হইবে। তুমি এই সংসারে আস সঞ্চয় করিবার জন্য। মুষ্টি বন্ধ করিয়া । তুমি গ্রহণ করিতে চাও; কিন্তু প্রকৃতি তােমার গলা টিপিয়া তােমাকে দান করিতে বাধ্য করে। তােমার ইচ্ছা থাকুক বা না থাকুক, তােমাকে দিতেই হইবে। যে মুহূর্তে তুমি বলিবে, 'আমি দিব না, সেই মুহর্তেই আঘাত আসিয়া তােমাকে দুঃখ দিবে। এমন কেহই নাই, যে পরিণামে সর্বস্ব ত্যাগ করিতে বাধ্য না হইবে। এই নিয়মের বিরুদ্ধে যে যত বেশি সংগ্রাম করিবে, সে তত বেশি দুঃখ অনুভব করিবে। আমরা ত্যাগ করিতে সাহস করি না বলিয়াই, প্রকৃতির এই বিরাট দাবি বিনীতভাবে মানিয়া লইতে স্বীকার করি না বলিয়াই দুঃখ পাই। ধর, অরণ্য লােপ পাইল, কিন্তু ইহার বুলস্বরূপ আমরা সূর্যের<br />
উত্তাপ পাই। সূর্য সাগর হইতে জল আহরণ করিয়া বৃষ্টিধারারূপে উহা প্রত্যর্পণ করে। তুমি আদান-প্রদানের যন্ত্রস্বরূপ; তুমিও দান করিবার জন্যই গ্রহণ কর। সুতরাং প্রতিদানে কিছুই চাহিও না; যতই দান করিবে, ততই সব-কিছু তােমার নিকট ফিরিয়া আসিবে। যত শীঘ্র এই কক্ষটি বায়ুশূন্য করিবে, তত শীঘ্র ইহা বাহিরের বায়ু দ্বারা পূর্ণ হইবে; কিন্তু সমস্ত দরজা, সমস্ত ছিদ্র বন্ধ করিয়া দিলে ভিতরের বায়ু ভিতরেই থাকিবে, বাহিরের বায়ু কখনাে ভিতরে আসিবে না; ফলে ভিতরের বায়ু গতিহীন হইয়া দূষিত ও বিষাক্ত হইবে। নদী অবিরত সাগরের মধ্যে নিজেকে নিঃশেষিত করিতেছে এবং পূর্ণ হইতেছে। সাগরের মধ্যে নদীর নিমিন রুদ্ধ করিও না ; যে মুহূর্তে ইহা করিবে, সেই মুহূর্তে তুমি মৃত্যুর কবলে পড়িবে।<br />
<b><u>কার্য</u></b>। এই পাছার যে কি বিপদ, তাহা নির্ণয় করতে পারিবে না। এমন কি সুতরাং ভিক্ষুক হইও না ; অনাসক্ত হও। ইহাই জীবনের সর্বাধিক দুষ্কর বুদ্ধিবৃত্তির সাহায্যে এই পথের বাধাবিঘ্নগুলি অবগত হইয়াও যতক্ষণ নাম নে-প্রাণে অনুভব করি, ততক্ষণ ঐগুলিকে ঠিক ঠিক আমরা জানিতে পারি না। দূর হইতে একটি প্রমােদ-উদ্যানের সাধারণ দৃশ্য আমাদের নয়নগােচর হইতে পারে; কিন্তু তাহাতে কি আসে যায় যখন আমরা উদ্যানের মধ্যে থাকি, তখনই উহা কিরূপ অনুভব করি, এবং যথার্থরূপে জানিতে পারি। ও বিপর্যস্ত হই, তথাপি সকল বিপর্যয়ের মধ্যে আমাদের হৃদয়বৃওিকে সতেজ রাখিতে হইবে এই সমস্ত বিপ্ন-বিপর্যয়ের মধ্যেও আমাদের অভ্যন্তরীণ যদিও আমাদের প্রত্যেকটি প্রয়াস ব্যর্থতায় পর্যবসিত হয় এবং আমরা মর্মাহত হই, আঘাতের বিনিময়ে আঘাত করি, প্রতারণার বিনিময়ে প্রতারণা করি, দেবত্বকে দৃঢ়চিত্তে প্রকাশ করিতে হইবে। প্রকৃতি চায় আমরা প্রতিক্রিয়াশীল মিথ্যার বিনিময়ে মিথ্যার আশ্রয় লই, আমাদের সর্বশক্তি দ্বারা আঘাতের<br />
সমুচিত উত্তর দিই। তাহা হইলে দেখা যাইতেছে, আঘাতের বদলে প্রত্যাঘাত না করিতে হইলে নিজেকে সংযত করিতে সর্বোপরি অনাসক্ত হইতে এক বিরাট দিব্যশক্তির প্রয়ােজন।<br />
প্রতিদিন আমরা নিত্য নূতনভাবে অনাসক্ত থাকিবার জন্য দৃঢ়সঙ্কল্প হই। আমরা আমাদের অতীত ভালবাসা ও আসক্তির বিষয়গুলির দিকে তাকাই এবং অনুভব করি, উহাদের প্রত্যেকটিই আমাদের জীবন কিরূপ দুঃখময় করিয়া তুলিয়াছে। আমাদের ভালবাসার জন্যই আমরা নৈরাশ্যের। অতলগর্ভে চলিয়া গিয়াছি! বুঝিতে পারিলাম, আমরা অপরের হস্তে নিতান্ত<br />
ক্রীতদাস ; আমাদের টানিয়া নিন্ন হইতে নিম্নতর অবস্থায় নামান হইয়াছে। আবার আমরা নূতনভাবে দৃঢ়সঙ্কল্প হইঃ এখন হইতে আমি নিজের উপর সম্পূর্ণ কর্তৃত্ব করিব, এখন হইতে নিজেকে সংযত করিব। কিন্তু কার্যকালে একই কাহিনীর পুনরাবৃত্তি হয়! আবার জীব বন্ধ হইয়া পড়ে, আর বাহির।<br />
হইতে পারে না। জীব-পক্ষী জালে আবদ্ধ পক্ষসঞ্চালন করিয়া মুক্তিলাভের চেষ্টা করিতেছে। ইহাই আমাদের জীবন! আমি জানি নিজেকে সংযত করা কত কষ্টকর! বাধাবিপত্তিগুলি প্রচণ্ড; এবং আমাদের মধ্যে শতকরা নববই জন নিরাশ ও নিরুৎসাহ হইয়া পড়ি; কালক্রমে আমরা অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রে দুঃখবাদী হইয়া সাধুতা, প্রেম এবং জীবনে যাহা কিছু উদার ও মহৎ তাহাতে বিশ্বাস হারাই। সেইজন্য আমরা দেখিতে ক্ষমাশীল থাকেন, তাহারাই বার্ধক্যে সত্যের মুখােশ-পরা মিথ্যাচারীতে পরিণত পাই, যে-সকল ব্যক্তি জীবনের প্রথম অবস্থায় সরল, দয়ালু, অকপট ও হন।<br />
তাহাদের মন যেন তূপীকৃত জটিলতা হয়তাে বা তাহাদের মধ্যে। অনেকটা বাহ্য বিচক্ষণতা থাকিতে পারে, তাহারা উগ্র-মস্তিষ্ক নন; তাহারা<br />
বিশেষ কথা বলেন না, কাহাকেও অভিশাপ দেন না, কুদ্ধও হন না; কিন্তু ক্রুদ্ধ হইতে পারাও তাহাদের পক্ষে ভাল ছিল, অভিশাপ দিতে পারাও সহস্রগুণ ভাল ছিল। তাহারা তাহা পাবেন না ; তাহাদের হৃদয়বৃত্তি স্তব্ধ, কারণ তাহাদের দেহে মৃত্যুর শীতল স্পর্শ লাগিয়াছে, তাহারা নিষ্ক্রিয়, এমন। কি অভিসম্পাত করিতেও পারেন না, একটি কর্কশ কথাও বলিতে পারেন না।<br />
এ-সবের হাত হইতে আমাদের নিষ্কৃতি পাইতে হইবে। তাই বলি আমাদের অসাধারণ ঐশী শক্তি প্রয়ােজন। সাধারণ অলৌকিক ক্ষমতা যথেষ্ট<br />
নয়, অসাধারণ ঐশী শক্তিই একমাত্র উপায় মুক্তির একমাত্র পথ। একমাত্র ইহারই সাহায্যে আমরা সব জটিলতা অতিক্রম করিতে পারি অক্ষতদেহে অজস্র দুঃখরাশি উত্তীর্ণ হইতে পারি। আমরা খণ্ড-বিখণ্ড হইতে পারি, শতধা বিচ্ছিন্ন হইতে পারি ; তথাপি এই শক্তির সহায়তায় আমাদের হৃদয়বৃত্তি সর্বদাই মহৎ হইতে মহত্তর হইয়া উঠিবে। ইহা খুবই কঠিন, কিন্তু নিরন্তর অভ্যাস দ্বারা আমরা ইহা অতিক্রম করিতে<br />
পারি। আমাদের বুঝিতে হইবে আমাদের কোন বিপদই ঘটিতে পারে না, যে পন্তি না আমরা নিজদিগকে উহার অনুকুল ক্ষেত্রে পরিণত করি! এইমাত্র বলিয়াছি, যতক্ষণ দেহ রােগের জন্য প্রস্তুত না হয়, ততক্ষণ কোন রােগ কাছে আসিতে পারে না; রােগ কেবল জীবাণুর উপর নির্ভর করে না, পরন্তু দেহস্থ রােগপ্রবণতার উপরও নির্ভর করে। আমরা যাহা পাইবার যােগ্য,<br />
তাহাই পাইয়া থাকি। অহঙ্কার ত্যাগ করিয়া ইহাই যেন আমরা উপলব্ধি করি সঙ্গত কারণ ছাড়া কেহ কখনাে দুঃখগ্রস্ত হয় না। কখনাে কোন আঘাত অকারণে আসে নাই ; কখনাে এমন কোন অকল্যাণ সংঘটিত হয় নাই, যাহার জন্য আমি নিজহস্তে পথ প্রস্তুত করি নাই। ইহাই আমাদের জানিতে হইবে। তাহার জন্য নিজেদের প্রস্তুত করিয়াছিলে বলিয়াই তাহা তােমাদের নিকট<br />
নিজেদের বিশ্লেষণ করিলে দেখিতে পাইবে, যে-কোন আঘাত পাইয়াছ, উপস্থিত হইয়াছিল। তোমরা করিয়াছ অর্ধেক প্রতি, বাকি অর্ধ করিয়াছে বহির্জগৎ এইপ্রকারেই আঘাত আসিয়াছিল। এই উপলব্ধিই আমাদিগকে শান্ত করিবে।<br />
একই সঙ্গে এই বিশ্লেষণ হইতেই একটি আশার বাণী আসিবে এবং সেই আশার বাণী এইরূপ বাহ্য প্রকৃতির উপর আমার কোন প্রভাব নাই। ' প্রয়ােজন হয়, আমাকে আঘাত দিতে যদি উভয়েরই আবশ্যক হয়, তাহা কিন্তু যাহা আমার ভিতরে, যাহা আমার নিকটতর, অর্থাৎ আমার নিজস্ব জগৎ, তাহা আমার নিয়ন্ত্রণাধীন। জীবনে ব্যর্থতা ঘটাইতে যদি উভয়েরই হইলে এই দুইটির মাধাে যাহা আমার হাতে, তাহা আমি ছাড়িয়া দিব না ; এক্ষেত্রে কেমন করিয়া আঘাত আসিতে পারে আমি যদি নিজের যথার্থ প্রভাব বিস্তার করিতে পারি, তাহা হইলে আঘাত কখনই আসিবে না। চেষ্টা করিতেছি। আমরা সর্বদাই পরকে সংশােধন করিতে প্রস্তুত, কিন্তু শৈশব হইতে সর্বদাই আমরা বাহিরে কোন বস্তুর উপর দোষারোপ করিতে নিজেদের সংশােধন করিতে প্রস্তুত নই। দুর্দশায় পড়িলে আমরা বলি, “হায়<br />
এ জগৎ দানবের রাজ্য। আমরা অন্য লােককে অভিশাপ দিয়া বলি, “কি অজ্ঞনমােহে আচ্ছন্ন মুখের দল!' কিন্তু আমরা নিজেরা যদি প্রকৃতই এত সৎ হই, তবে কেন এরূপ জগতে আছি এ জগৎ যদি শয়তানের রাজ্য হয়, তবে আমরাও দানব ; নতুবা কেন আমরা এ জগতে থাকিব? ‘হায় এ জগতের লােকগুলি এত স্বার্থপর!' এ কথা সত্য, কিন্তু আমরা যদি তাহাদের চেয়ে ভাল হই, তবে তাহাদের সঙ্গে কেন আমরা বাস করিব? এই বিষয় চিন্তা করিয়া দেখ। যেটুকুর যােগ্যতা আমাদের আছে, সেইটুকুই আমরা পাইয়া থাকি। একথা বলা মিথ্যা যে, এগিং অসৎ আর আমরা কেবল সং। ইহা কখনই হইতে পারে না; এইরাপ আমরা বলিয়া আসিতেছি, কিন্তু ইহা সত্যের প্রচণ্ড অপলাপ। সর্বাগ্রে ইহাই শিক্ষণীয় বাহিরের কোন কিছুকে অভিসম্পাত না দিতে অথবা কাহারও উপর দোষারােপ না করিতে বদ্ধপরিকর হও। মানুষ হও, উঠিয়া দাড়াও, নিজের উপর দোষারােপ কর। দেখিবে ইহাই সর্বদা সত্য পথ। নিজেকে বশে আন। ইহা কি লজ্জার বিষয় নয় যে, কখনাে কখনাে নিজেদের মনুষ্যত্ব সম্বন্ধে কত বড় বড় কথা বলি, বলিয়া থাকি আমরা দেবস্বাপ, ঘােষণা করি আমরা সব কিছুই জানি, আমরা সব কিছুই করিতে পারি, আমরা নির্দোষ, নিষ্কলঙ্ক, আমাদিগকে কষ্ট দেয় ; কোন সাধারণ ব্যক্তির অঙ্গ ক্রোধও আমাদিগকে পীড়া জগতের মধ্যে সর্বাপেক্ষা নিঃস্বার্থ; আবার পরমুহূর্তে একটি ক্ষুদ্র প্রস্তরখণ্ড দেয় পথের যে-কোন নির্বোধ ব্যক্তিও এইসব দেবতাদের জীবন দুঃখময় করিয়া তােলে! আমরা যদি সত্যই দেবস্বরূপ হই, তাহা হইলে কি আমাদের এইরূপ দুরবস্থা হওয়া উচিত? বাহ্য জগৎই আমাদের দুঃখ-দুর্দশার জন্য দায়ী এইরূপ অভিযােগ কি সত্য? যে ঈশ্বর শুদ্ধ, অপাপবিদ্ধ, তিনি কি আমাদের কোন ছল-চাতুরী দ্বারা দুঃখগ্রস্ত হইতে পারেন তােমরা যদি যথার্থ নিঃস্বার্থ হও, তাহা হইলে বলিতে হইবে তােমরা ঈশ্বরতুল্য।<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><u>Swami Vivekananda</u></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
কোন বহির্জগৎ তােমাদিগের উপর আঘাত হানিতে পারে তােমরা অক্ষতদেহে সপ্তম নরকও অতিক্রম করিতে পারি, কিছুই তোমাদিগকে বিন্দুমাত্র স্পর্শ<br />
করিতে পারিবে না। কিন্তু তােমরা যে অভিযােগ কর, বহিঃপ্রকৃতির উপর দোষারােপ কর তাহাই প্রমাণ করে যে, তােমরা বহিঃপ্রকৃতি সম্বন্ধে সচেতন এবং তোমাদের এরূপ অনুভূতি দ্বারা প্রমাণিত হয় যে, নিজের স্বরূপ ও মহত্ত্ব সম্বন্ধে তোমরা যা দাবি কর, বস্তুতঃ তোমরা তাহা নয়। দুঃখের উপর। দুঃখ ভূপীকৃত করিয়া, কেবল বহিঃপ্রকৃতি তােমাদিগকে আঘাত হানিতেছে<br />
এইরূপ কল্পনা করিয়া এবং হায়! কি ভীষণ শয়তানের জগৎ!' ‘লােকটি আমাকে আঘাত করতেছে, ঐ ব্যক্তি আমাকে কষ্ট দিচ্ছে' ইত্যাদি চিৎকার করিয়া তােমরা নিজেদের অপরাধ, দুঃখ-দুর্দশা বাড়াইয়া তুলিতেছ। একে তাে। দুঃখ পাইছি, তদুপরি মিথ্যা আরোপ করবে কিছুকালের জন্য অন্যের কথা ছাড়িয়া দিয়া আমাদের নিজেদের বিষয়ে সতর্ক হতে হবে; এইটুকু আমরা নিশ্চয়ই করিতে পারি। এস, আমরা <b><u>কর্মের</u></b> উপায়গুলি নিখুঁত করিয়া তুলি ; তাহা হইলে উদ্দেশ্য ও স্বতই ঠিক হয়ে যাবে। আমাদের জীবন যদি মহৎ ও পবিত্র হয়, তবে এ জগৎ মহৎ ও পবিত্র হইতে পারে। জগৎ <u><b>কার্য</b></u>-স্বরূপ, আমরা কারণ-স্বরূপ। সুতরাং এস, আমরা নিজেদের নিষ্কলুষ ও পূর্ণ করিয়া তুলি।<br />
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<b><u><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/2020/07/Swami-Vivekananda-life-history_19.html" target="_blank">কর্মযােগ প্রসঙ্গ দ্বিতীয় পর্ব</a> </u></b><br />
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<u><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://lifehistoryabhijit.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Life History</a>.</span></u></b>........................ <br />
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